The question of addiction concerns the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities, and the inability to cease drug-taking, that is, the problem of relapse. In this paper we summarize one view of this process, the "incentive-sensitization" view, wh...

We first examine the determinants of household expenditures on space heating and hot water supply in Germany. A number of socio-economic characteristics of households are included along with building characteristics. Our analysis covers information on more than 12,000 households in Germany for the years 1998 and 2003. The analysis continues by investigating whether different kinds of households...

We assume that people value employment not only to earn income to satisfy their consumption needs but also as a means of community/social involvement that provides socio-psychological (non-pecuniary) benefits. We show that the latter incentive can encourage full employment harvesting resources and explain why poor resource-based communities may exhaust a natural resource in a finite time even i...

Pricing of communication services becomes a necessity once these services form a commodity in a market. As visible today, the Internet has dramatically made a move into its commercial deployment. Therefore, e.g. , Internet access, bandwidth, or services need to be charged for. However, there exist a number of pricing models – from static ones to highly dynamic ones – which need to be evaluated ...

In this paper, we propose a framework of motivations about why people participate in crowdsourcing without monetary incentives. The framework is based on the four pillars of crowdsourcing as well as the motivations referenced from collective action studies. We argue that crowdsourcing is not only about collective intelligence but is also similar to collective action, particularly when there is ...

This paper analyzes characteristics, major driving forces and alternative management measures of land-use change in Kunshan, Jiangsu province, China. The study used remote sensing (RS) maps and socio-economic data. Based on RS-derived maps, two change matrices were constructed for detecting land-use change between 1987 and 1994, and between 1994 and 2000 through pixel-to-pixel comparisons. The ...