The Indonesian government realizes that developing alternative instruments for financing the state budget needs to continue—one of them with based on sharia principles. This study examines response in policy actions seek research and development infrastructure through Sukuk financing. uses a qualitative method narrative approach. three data collection techniques: regulatory survey, secondary re...

Rural infrastructure is crucial for agriculture, agro-industries and overall economic development of rural areas. It also, incidentally, provides basic amenities that improve the quality of life. However, infrastructure projects, including those in rural sector, involve huge initial investments, long gestation periods, high incremental capital output ratio, high risk and low rate of returns on ...

We use survey data conducted in 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 to analyze how the availability of physical infrastructure influences adoption of mobile phones and usage of mobile services. The availability of physical service infrastructure is approximated by data on nighttime light intensity in the areas in which survey respondents reside. After controlling for a number of individu...