INTRODUCTION. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a condition that is increasingly more frequently diagnosed in the paediatric age. Unlike adults, in many cases it is not associated to tumours and the most common initial manifestations in children are seizures and movement disorders, while in adults there is a predominance of psychiatric alterations. CASE REPORTS. We prese...

Apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand (FasL) interaction with Fas receptor plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune homeostasis, immune privilege, and self-tolerance. FasL, therefore, has been extensively exploited as an immunomodulatory agent to induce tolerance to both autoimmune and foreign antigens with conflicting results. Difficulties associated with the use of FasL as a tolerogenic factor ma...

Murabutide (MB) is a synthetic immunomodulator recognized by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptor on mammalian cells. MB has previously been approved for testing in multiple human clinical trials to determine its value as an antiviral therapeutic, and as an adjuvant for injected vaccines. We have found a new use for this immunomodulator; it function...

Experiments were conducted in chickens to understand the effects of oral immunomodulation. Heat inactivated M phlei, a commensal Mycobacterium and a non-specific immunomodulator, was administered orally prior to live Newcastle disease F (ND F) strain vaccination. In experimental birds it lead to an enhanced cell mediated Immune response (CMI) against the vaccine. There was a reduction in the Ha...

The open-label, phase II clinical trial of antituberculosis therapy (ATT) with or without oral immunomodulator Dzherelo (Immunoxel) was conducted in TB/HIV coinfected, antiretroviral therapy naïve patients to evaluate the effect on CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and viral load. The arm A (n = 20) received isoniazid (H); rimfapicin (R); pyrazinamide (Z); streptomycin (S); and ethambutol (E), and arm B ...

Parasitic diseases are a major constraint in the animal health and production throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Allopathic parasiticides are currently in operation as the most effective means for their control. But these have serious limitations, such as their non -availability in some developing countries, risk of misuse leading to drug resistance, environmental p...

Zinc is ubiquitous in all living cells. Structural and catalytic properties of cellular enzymes are zinc dependent. Zinc deficiency leads to a variety of pathological abnormalities with immune impairment. It is an established fact that nutritional status contributes to overall immune response of individuals. Outcome of zinc deficiency on immune system is so drastic that it is difficult to conce...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which autoreactive myelin-specific T cells cause extensive tissue damage, resulting in neurological deficits. In the disease process, T cells are primed in the periphery by antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are considered to be crucial regulators of specific immune responses and m...

Background: Leptin, a 16 KDa protein hormone is one of the most important adipocytokine that modulates metabolic processes by regulating energy intake and expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. However, under pathological conditions such as leptin resistance, leptin has been found to activate inflammatory cells including Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) thereby causing damage...