The effect of Persian bee propolis and pollen extracts on innate immune response of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Fish were fed diets containing 1% Pollen, 1% propolis and combination of the two immune-stimulants (0.5% Pollen and 0.5% propolis) as treatment groups and fed without the two immune-stimulants as positive and negative control groups for 4 weeks. The effects ...

Background and aims: Vitamins are essential constituents of our diet that Longley have been known to influence the immune system. Vitamin D3 and B9 have received particular attention in recent years as these vitamins have been shown to have an unexpected and crucial effect on the immune response. 1, 25(OH)2D3 metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D r...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophane (TDO) are two heme-containing enzymes which catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. Both well establish therapeutic targets as important factors in tumor immune evasion mechanism. A number analogues marine pyrroloquinoline alkaloids tsitsikammamines or wakayin have been synthesized, them were synthesized using an original m...

Antigenic variants of Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were examined by bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis with EcoRI, XhoI, SalI, BstEII, and HindIII as the digesting enzymes. The antigenic variants were stable cloned strains which had been cultivated in media containing homologous immune serum. One of the strains examined has been reported elsewhere (R. ...

abstract background and aims: vitamins are essential constituents of our diet that longley have been known to influence the immune system. vitamin d3 and b9 have received particular attention in recent years as these vitamins have been shown to have an unexpected and crucial effect on the immune response. 1, 25(oh)2d3 metabolizing enzymes and vitamin d receptor (vdr) are present in many cell ty...

background: fasciola hepatica is one of the most important helminthes parasites and triclabendazole (tcbz) is routinely used for treatment of infected people and animals. secreted protease enzymes by the f. hepatica plays a critical role in the inva-sion, migration, nutrition and the survival of parasite and are key targets for novel drugs and vaccines. the aim of study was to determine the pro...

The cysteine cathepsins are a group of 11 proteases whose function was originally believed to be the degradation of endocytosed material with a high degree of redundancy. However, it has become clear that these enzymes are also important regulators of both health and disease. Thus, selective tools that can discriminate between members of this highly related class of enzymes will be critical to ...