Simmons, James G., Jolanta B. Pucilowska, and P. Kay Lund. Autocrine and paracrine actions of intestinal fibroblast-derived insulin-like growth factors. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 39): G817–G827, 1999.— Paracrine and autocrine actions of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are inferred by local expression within the bowel. CCD-18Co cells, IEC-6 cells, and immunoneutral...

Pregnancy is accompanied by notable changes in the secretion of growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). A GH variant produced by the placenta is discernible in maternal plasma from early pregnancy, rising exponentially until 37 weeks. Meanwhile, pituitary GH gradually drops to near-undetectable levels. While there might be a modest reduction in circulating IGF-I in early...

The goals of this study were to determine the cellular sites of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF type-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression and to begin to elucidate functional roles for the IGFs during postnatal development of the murine mammary gland. Using in situ hybridization analyses, we determined that IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-IR messenger RNAs were expressed in the highly proliferative t...

For 15 years, the UN-mandated Internet Governance Forum (IGF) has brought different stakeholder groups together to engage in debate and discussion on public policy issues relevant Governance, but who are ‘civil society’ that is treated as one of cornerstones IGF? This paper aims provide two contributions discussions norm entrepreneurship internet governance. First, it contribute growing body li...

The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprise a family of six related peptides that interact with high affinity with IGFs. IGFBPs compete with IGF receptors for IGF binding, and as a consequence of this competition they can affect cell growth. In addition, IGF-independent regulatory mechanisms of IGFBPs have been described. Despite their common property to interact with IGFs...

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to obesity. A previous study suggested that insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may affect obesity and that IGFs regulate cellular signals by receptors that include the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R). In th...

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are mediators of growth hormones; they have an influence on cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 could suppress the mitogenic action of IGFs. Interestingly, tea polyphenols could substantially reduce IGF1 and increase IGFBP3. In this study, we evaluated the effects of smoking, green tea consumption, as well as IGF1...

IGF-I is recognized as an insulin sensitizer at the liver and muscle, while recent evidence suggests that IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 acts as an insulin antagonist. As there is a paucity of IGF-I receptors in the liver and as the IGF-IGFBP system in the central nervous system is emerging as physiologically relevant, we examined whether the effects of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 on insulin action are me...

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) recapitulates many of the activities of insulin and promotes differentiation of myoblasts and osteoblasts, which likely contribute to genetic variations of growth potential. However, little is known about the functions and signaling properties of IGF2 variants in yaks. The over-expression vector and knockdown sequence of yak IGF2 were transfected into yak fib...

Insulin-like peptides, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin, induce a variety of bioactivities, such as growth, differentiation, survival, increased anabolism, and decreased catabolism in many cell types and in vivo. In general, IGFs or insulin bind to IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) or insulin receptor (IR), activating the receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) ...