one of the economic problems in the developing countries is the debt problem. external debt occurs in the developing countries due to the elimination of the restrictions on the savings gap, the foreign exchange gap, and the fiscal gap in order to form the capital to accelerate the economic growth (karakoy et al., 2012, p. 491). in contrast, borrowing and rising the external debt could be little...

In the second half of the last century, tremendous efforts were devoted to identifying sources of economic success by a few countries and causes of failure by most. In this process a voluminous literature ranging from the neo-classical to Marxist, neo-Marxist, and dependency theories has been developed to answer the question of disparity among different countries of the north vis-à-vis those of...

The financial system plays a fundamental role in the global economy as the middleman between agents who need to borrow and agents who are willing to lend or invest. As a consequence, it is naturally linked to all economic sectors and, therefore, if the financial system does not work properly, its problems have a strong impact on the real economy. We can see this in the deteriorating fundamental...

Due to the weak nature of agricultural production, governments usually adopt supportive policies protect food security. To discern growth agriculture from 2001 2018 under China’s support policies, we use nonlinear MS(M)-AR(p) model distinguish economic cycle into three regimes—rapid, medium, and low—and analyze probability shifts maintenance among different regimes. We further calculated averag...

Increases in population and economic growth in urban areas have led to a growing demand for goods and services by commercial and domestic users. This paper reviewed the analytical architecture of urban freight demand (UFD), and summarized two approaches to collecting and calibrating UFD, namely from macro and micro level. With time-access regulations and vehicle restrictions are increasingly us...