This paper studies the e¤ect of pharmaceutical regulation at the wholesale level, if markets are integrated by parallel trade, i.e. trade outside the manufacturer’s authorized distribution channel. In particular, maximum wholesale margins, a restriction of pricing by the intermediary, and mandatory rebates, a restriction of the pricing by the manufacturer, are analyzed with respect to their e¤e...

This paper presents a new copula-based approach for analyzing panel data in which (1) the observed multivariate outcomes are a mixture of zeros and continuouslymeasured positives, with the zeros accounting for a nontrivial proportion of the sample; (2) both the zero and positive outcomes show state dependence and dynamic interdependence (cross-equation lagged dependence); and (3) the zeros and ...

This paper empirically assesses the selection effects and determinants of the demand for supplemental health insurance that covers hospital and dental benefits in Germany. Our representative dataset provides doctor-diagnosed indicators of the individual’s health status, risk attitude, demand for medical services and insurance purchases in other lines of insurance as well as rich demographic and...

【Keywords】Informal care, Caregiver, Long-term care insurance, Labor supply, Japan 【JEL Classification Codes】J22, I11 【Abstract】This paper examines the labor supply outcomes of family care provision for Japanese households in 2010, ten years after the introduction of the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) program. We found that family care provision for parents adversely affected labor marke...

We experimentally explore the fluorescent spectrum of the Nd:YAP crystal to manifest the feasibility of tunable single- and multi-wavelength operations in the (4)F3/2 → (4)I11/2 transition. An intracavity etalon is subsequently exploited to effectively select spectral lines at 1073, 1080, and 1084 nm with the tunabilities of 0.56, 1.13, and 0.1 nm, respectively. We also experimentally obtain mu...

Nudges at the Dentist We implement a randomized field experiment to study the impact of reminders on dental health prevention. Patients who are due for a check-up receive no reminder, a neutral reminder postcard, or reminders including additional information on the benefits of prevention. Our results document a strong impact of reminders. Within one month after receiving a reminder, the fractio...

Oxyfluoride lead borate glasses singly doped with Nd3+ and Er3+ ions have been studied before and after thermal treatment. The orthorhombic PbF2 crystallites are formed during thermal treatment, which was evidenced by X-ray diffraction analysis. Near-infrared luminescence spectra at 1.06 μm and 1.53 μm have been registered for samples before and after annealing, which correspond to the main F3/...

Ilemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 15 patients prior to cardioversion and immediately, one, three, and five hours after ca ,dioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm1z4. j ve hours after cardioversion, there was improvement in cardiac index (P < 0.005), in stroke index (P <0.005)1and i11 stroke work index (P < 04)25), but no significant change in hea...

This paper studies the effects of generic entry on post-patent price competition for 18 prescription drugs recently exposed to competition. An independent, validating test of the “generic competition paradox” is conducted using a newly created data set. Each generic entrant is associated with an average 1% increase in the branded price. The one-way error component model accounts for intermolecu...

This paper considers the role of ownership form for the financial performance of German acute care hospitals and its development over time. We measure financial performance by a hospital-specific yearly probability of default (PD). Using a panel of hospital data, our models allow for state dependence in the PD as well as unobserved individual heterogeneity. We find that private ownership is mor...