Forest roads play an important role in providing access to forest resources. However, they can significantly impact the adjacent soil and vegetation. This study aimed evaluate effects of road geometry (RG) on chemical biochemical properties soils assist environmentally friendly planning mountainous areas. Litter layer, canopy cover, organic carbon (SOC) stock, total nitrogen (TN), activity dehy...

The Cloud Ocean phenomenon in the Hyrcanian Forests, listed UNESCO World Heritage List, is one of most stunning yet lesser-known ecotourism destinations that has recently attracted attention adventure tours. However, increasing number ecotourists visiting these sites expected to threaten sensitive ecosystem sites. Therefore, this study aims conceptualize sustainable behaviors for off-road fores...

The increase in environmental and human-related changes (e.g., the carbon cycle flux of plants) has increased dynamism ecosystems. Examining fluctuations net primary production (NPP) is very important adopting correct strategies for ecosystem management. current study explores spatiotemporal variations NPP its association with agricultural droughts Iran’s ecosystems over 20 years (2000–2020). M...

dryopteris expansa (c.pres l.) fraser- jenkins & jermy is reported at the first time for fern flora of iranfrom pice-son forests, asalem to khalkhal road in the hyrcanian phytogeographia region. it's most distinctivemorphological character is the presence of rachis, white petiole, three pinnate lamina, rectangular pinnules,scales with darker band in the middle part. dryopteris expansa is s...

Reforestation with native and non-native tree species is one of the most effective strategies to cope climate change, also management method for solving soil erosion problems in degraded forests around world. The current research investigates three skid trails, which were planted clearcutting areas, comparison a natural forest hornbeam (CB; Carpinus betulus L.) velvet maple (AV; Acer velutinum ...

Environmental gradients are important factors that can potentially influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of populations. The present study examines effect environmental heterogeneity Hyrcanian forests on populations Circaea lutetiana L. (Onagraceae). Using morphometrics, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) leaf epidermis, molecular markers, we analyzed among nine from environmental...