When do experts doubt or question their own previously published research and why? An online survey was designed and distributed across academic staff and postgraduate research students at different universities in Great Britain. Respondents (n = 202 244) identified the likelihoods of six different (quasi) hypothetical occurrences causing them to doubt or question work they have published in pe...

A Conserved Hypothetical Protein Rv0574c Is Required for Cell Wall 1 Integrity, Stress Tolerance and Virulence of Mycobacterium 2 tuberculosis 3 Rajni Garg, Deeksha Tripathi , Sashi Kant , Harish Chandra, Rakesh Bhatnagar 4 Nirupama Banerjee 5 6 1. School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. 7 2. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ...

The standard semantics for classical logic states that each proposition stands for, or denotes, a truth value, either ⊤ or ⊥, according to the usual truth tables for each logical connective. According to this semantics, the categorical judgement P true means that P denotes ⊤, and the hypothetical judgement P1 true, . . . , Pn true ⊢ P true means that P denotes ⊤ whenever each Pi denotes ⊤. The ...

This study compares hypothetical and nonhypothetical responses to choice experiment questions. We test for hypothetical bias in a choice experiment involving beef ribeye steaks with differing quality attributes. In general, hypothetical responses predicted higher probabilities of purchasing beef steaks than nonhypothetical responses. Thus, hypothetical choices overestimate total willingness-to-...

The writer’s earlier paper on the mechanism of the cloud-to-ground lightning stroke was based on classical observational data. The report on the last 10 years’ observations of strokes from Monte San Salvatore by Berger and Vogelsanger using improved instrumentation calls for a reassessment of the theory and makes possible a tentative extension t o the intracloud stroke mechanisms. The salient n...

Although many linguists employ a category of ‘realisness’ or ‘reality status’ (Elliott 2001) in descriptive and typological work (e.g. Givón 1995, Palmer 2001), doubts linger regarding its cross-linguistic validity (e.g. Bybee 1998). Skeptics of its validity point to semantic inconsistencies in putative reality status systems and the lack of languages exhibiting an obligatory binary realis/irre...

This paper presents an implementation for an explanationbased theory of argumentation. Instead of referring to attack/support relationships between arguments, as in traditional argumentation theories, we focus on the relation of messages with the space of hypothetical explanations. The consequences of this choice are two-fold. First, attack and support relationships become derivative measures. ...