Microiontophoretic studies using rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate were performed to elucidate the relationship between the striatal cholinergic system and nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Iontophoretic application of carbachol inhibited the spikes elicited by substantia nigra (SN) stimulation in 21 of 24 caudate neurons in which the spikes induced by SN stimulation were inhibited by mic...

The structure of 8-amino-2-naphthalene-sulfonic acid monohydrate (1,7-Cleve's acid hydrate), C(10)H(9)NO(3)S·H(2)O, shows the presence of a sulfonate-aminium group zwitterion, both groups and the water mol-ecule of solvation giving cyclic R(3) (3)(8) O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O inter-molecular hydrogen-bonding inter-actions, forming chains which extend down the a axis of the unit cell. Additional periphera...

INTRODUCTION The accurate prediction of conditions for hydrate formation depends strongly on the availability of good structural information’. For clathrate hydrates, a complete description of structure involves not only the unit cell parameters and average atomic positions, but also the cage occupancies. In order to provide this kind of information, it is necessary to use techniques such as di...

The phase diagram for methane + water is explained, in relation to hydrate applications, such as in flow assurance and in nature. For natural applications, the phase diagram determines the regions for hydrate formation for twoand three-phase conditions. Impacts are presented for sample preparation and recovery. We discuss an international study for “Round Robin” hydrate sample preparation proto...

The stability of hydrate frameworks is influenced by guest molecules capable of hydrogen bonding with surrounding water molecules. Four remarkable features from the ammonium fluoride incorporation into a crystalline hydrate matrix provide important information on the thermodynamic stability, formation kinetics, structural characteristics, and molecular behavior in clathrate hydrate systems.

The United States Department of Energy, the MH21-S Research Consortium Japan, and Geological Survey are collaborating to enable gas hydrate scientific drilling extended-duration reservoir response testing on Alaska North Slope. To feasibly execute such a test, location is required that accessible from existing roads gravel pads can be occupied without disrupting ongoing industry operations. A r...

The kinetics of the initial stage of crystallization of one-component gas hydrates in aqueous solutions are analyzed. The temporal evolution of the volume of hydrate crystallized and the moles of gas consumed are determined. Expressions are derived for the supersaturation dependence of the hydrate crystallite growth rate and the induction time in hydrate crystallization. These expressions are u...

The importance of kinetic hydrate inhibitors is increasing due to its low cost compared to thermodynamic inhibitors and the corresponding benefits for exploitation of small marginal fields. This stimulates further investigations of the primary mechanisms for the induction times before onset of massive hydrate growth. The hypothesis in this work is that combinations of transport rate limitations...

Uniform manganese hexacyanoferrate hydrate nanocubes are prepared via a simple chemical precipitation method at room temperature. Due to both micro/mesopores of the Prussian blue analogue and nanocubic structures, the manganese hexacyanoferrate hydrate nanocubes allow the efficient charge transfer and mass transport for electrolyte solution and chemical species. Thus, the manganese hexacyanofer...

Additives per kg: Vitamins – E672 vitamin A 5,000 IU; vitamin C 50 mg; E671 vitamin D3 250 IU; 3a700 vitamin E 25 mg. Trace elements E5 Manganese (manganese chelate of glycine hydrate) 7,000 mg; E6 Zinc (zinc chelate of glycine hydrate) 6,500 mg; E1 Iron (iron chelate glycine hydrate) 6,000mg; E4 Copper (copper chelate of glycine hydrate) 4,000 mg; E2 Iodine (potassium iodide) 5 mg; E8 Selenium...