Given a universe of discourse U , a multiset can be thought of as a function M from U to the natural numbers N. In this paper, we define a hybrid set to be any function from the universe U to the integers Z. These sets are called hybrid since they contain elements with either a positive or negative multiplicity. Our goal is to use these hybrid sets as if they were multisets in order to adequate...

The gene Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) causes lethality in interspecific hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. Hmr has functionally diverged for this interspecific phenotype because lethality is caused specifically by D. melanogaster Hmr but not by D. simulans or D. mauritiana Hmr. Hmr was identified by the D. melanogaster partial loss-of-function allele Hmr1, which suppre...

Crosses between Drosophila melanogaster females and Drosophila simulans males produce hybrid sons that die at the larval stage. This hybrid lethality is suppressed by loss-of-function mutations in the D. melanogaster Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) or in the D. simulans Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) genes. Previous studies have shown that Hmr and Lhr interact with heterochromatin proteins and suppress ex...

This paper proposes a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, which is based on the fusion of the PSO, Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA), and Mind Evolutionary Computation (MEC). The clone function borrowed from the CSA and MEC-characterized similartaxis and dissimilation operations are embedded in the original PSO algorithm. Simulations of nonlinear function optimization are made to co...