BACKGROUND The human innate immune system relies on the coordinated activity of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils or PMNs) for defense against bacterial pathogens. Yersinia spp. subvert the innate immune response to cause disease in humans. In particular, the Yersinia outer protein YopJ (Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis) and YopP (Y. enterocolitica) rapidly induce apo...

background: in human, about 25% of implanted embryos are losing 1-2 week following attachment to the uterus. a subset of this population will have three or more consecutive miscarriages which define as repeated pregnancy loss (rpl). introducing the assisted reproductive technologies (arts) made a chance for infertile couples to solve their childless problem. objective:  this study was conducted...

abstract: the significance of financial performance of companies makes factors affecting it significant. as a mixed-method research, this paper aimed at investigating the effect of human resources composition in of an organization and the management stability on the financial performance of the organization. first, based on the grounded theory, the indices of human resources composition were id...

Despite its importance in harboring genes critical for spermatogenesis and male-specific functions, the Y chromosome has been largely excluded as a priority in recent mammalian genome sequencing projects. Only the human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes have been well characterized at the sequence level. This is primarily due to the presumed low overall gene content and highly repetitive nature of t...

Interferons (IFN) have been shown to suppress the proliferation of human erythroid progenitors (erythroid burst-forming units IBFU-EI and colony-forming units [CFU-E]) in vitro. To examine the mechanism(s) underlying this inhibitory activity, the effect of different doses (50-10,000 U) of a highly purified preparation of recombinant DNA producfd human 'y-IFN on erythroid colony formation by nor...

Markers on the non-recombining portion of the human Y chromosome continue to have applications in many fields including evolutionary biology, forensics, medical genetics, and genealogical reconstruction. In 2002, the Y Chromosome Consortium published a single parsimony tree showing the relationships among 153 haplogroups based on 243 binary markers and devised a standardized nomenclature system...

In this study, 231 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, 25 strains of Y. intermedia, and 10 strains of Y. bercovieri from human and porcine sources (including reference strains) were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a whole-genome fingerprinting method for subtyping bacterial isolates. AFLP typing distinguished the different Yersinia species examined. Representatives...

Spermatogenesis is an essential stage in human male gamete development, which is regulated by many Y chromosome specific genes. Most of these genes are centred in a specific region located on the long arm of the human Y chromosome known as the azoospermia factor region (AZF). Deletion events are common in Y chromosome because of its peculiar structural organization. Astonishingly, among the sev...

The human sex chromosomes have stopped recombining gradually, which has left five evolutionary strata on the X chromosome. Y inversions are thought to have suppressed X-Y recombination but clear evidence is missing. Here, we looked for such evidence by focusing on a region--the X-added region (XAR)--that includes the pseudoautosomal region and the most recent strata 3 to 5. We estimated and ana...