US PRESIDENTIAL task force composed of apparel industry representatives, unions, and human rights activists recently agreed to codes of conduct for labor practices by multinational corporations; in response to negative publicity, Nike, the athletic shoe and apparel company, hired former US ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Young to conduct an independent investigation of its labor practic...

I. The Problem of Cooperation A. Three Unusual Features of Human Societies Human societies exhibit cooperation, coordination, and division of labor, three features that place them at striking variance with most animals. Cooperation involves individuals doing something for the common benefit of everyone in a social group, as when soldiers defend a whole nation against its enemies. Coordination i...

We study the impact of loan regulation in rural India on child labor with an overlapping-generations model of formal and informal lending, human capital accumulation, adverse selection, and differentiated risk types. Specifically, we build a model economy that replicates the current outcome with a loan rate cap and no lender discrimination by risk using a survey of rural lenders. Households bor...

In this paper, we develop a model of the engaged organization, which shows how human capital can interact with social and green capital to influence organizational outcomes, particularly labor productivity. We argue that engaged organizations, that facilitate knowledge sharing and learning, employee motivation and commitment to the organization, can demonstrate increased labor productivity. We ...

education satisfies the human primary need for knowledge. it is a mean helping to meet other fundamental needs and it facilitates continuance and expedition of community overall development. education provides required skillful labor for modern and traditional devisions and it increases the labor' skills and its production capacities. it is not olny a mean to improve current generation's income...

A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN WELFARE IN A WARMING PLANET” Humberto Llavador (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) John E. Roemer (Yale University) Joaquim Silvestre (University of California, Davis) Climate science indicates that climate stabilization requires low GHG emissions. Is this consistent with nondecreasing human welfare? Our welfare index, called quality of life (QuoL), emphasizes education, know...

We present a framework for simulating labor market matching processes in order to study mechanisms that generate segregation. Empirical evidence reveals that labor markets are often highly segregated with respect to the ascribed attributes of workers. Many occupations are sex-typed, while in heterogeneous societies certain fields are often dominated by specific ethnic groups. Various explanatio...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of culture in sustainable, labor-saving solutions design for women in low-resource settings. BACKGROUND One of the reasons behind the gender asset gap among Sub-Saharan African women is the higher labor burden these women face, making it difficult for them to produce for the home and markets. Hand tools are the simplest form and ...

PLAC1 (Placenta-Specific 1) is a recently described, trophoblast-expressed gene essential for normal placental development. The protein localizes to the microvillus membrane surface of the syncytiotrophoblast in direct proximity to the maternal compartment. Although its role has not been defined, increased circulating levels of human PLAC1 mRNA in maternal blood are associated with preeclampsia...