this study examined distrbution of household income in khorasan razavi province and the country for urban and rural areas, seprately. using household income and expenditure statistics compiled by the statistical center of iran during 2007-2012 the gini index, tile index, atkinson index and the tenth docile to the first docile were applied.the study findings indicate that during the studied peri...

introduction: iran is constantly exposed to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and drought. in the meantime, drought is the major natural disaster which leads to numerous losses in agriculture and water resources, and this phenomenon is slow and creeping.available evidence suggests that drought management is based on crisis management. as the present management in our country is base...

BACKGROUND Fortification offers great potential for reducing the enormous disease burden of micronutrient deficiencies. The lack of information on food consumption patterns has been a major impediment to the development of fortification programs. In some countries, the absence of this information has been an obstacle to the introduction of fortification. In countries that have fortification, go...

Background One common challenge to social systems is achieving equity in financial contributions and preventing financial loss. Because of the large and unpredictable nature of some costs, achieving this goal in the health system presents important and unique problems. The present study investigated the Household Financial Contributions (HFCs) to the health system.   Methods The study investiga...

In 1994 over 18 per cent of Irish households possessed a free electricity allowance. This creates complications in using the 1994-95 Household Budget Survey to estimate an Engel curve for electricity expenditure. Ignoring the allowances leads to biased estimates of elasticities and distorts comparisons between sectors. Examining the sub-populations with and without allowances results in conclus...

The definition of economic well-being was evaluated for different household types in Wisconsin to recommend standards of need for Aid to Families with Dependent Children during 1985-87. Survey data for this purpose were obtained from the Wisconsin Basic Needs Study, in which the same households were interviewed five times and three two-week expenditure diaries were collected. The analysis compa...

PRE- AND POSTRETIREMENT EXPENSES: Before retirement, people pay FICA taxes, incur work-related expenses, and set aside money for retirement. But after retirement, most people have different financial obligations, and, as a result, retirees may still be able to maintain their level of preretirement well-being with very different income levels. Studying income, expenditures, and wealth-holding pa...

© C r Abstract While a sizable literature has concluded that remittances impact the expenditure patterns of households, we have a limited understanding of how the predictability of these money flows affect their usage by remittance-receiving households. Using data from Mexico, we find that both the size and the uncertainty of remittances raise asset accumulation among recipient households. Thes...