OBJECTIVE Peripheral insulin resistance is linked to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading in part to the production of reactive lipid aldehydes that modify the side chains of protein amino acids in a reaction termed protein carbonylation. The primary enzymatic method for lipid aldehyde detoxification is via glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4) dependent glutathionylation. The o...

All key biological macromolecules are susceptible to carbonylation - an irreparable oxidative damage with deleterious biological consequences. Carbonyls in proteins, lipids and DNA from cell extracts have been used as a biomarker of oxidative stress and aging, but formation of insoluble aggregates by carbonylated proteins precludes quantification. Since carbonylated proteins correlate with and ...

The reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals can be accomplished by the use of electrocatalysts of the platinum group metals. Worthwhile products include carbon monoxide, formate, methanol, methane, oxalate and even higher hydrocarbons depending on the catalyst type and environment. Three classes of electrocatalysts have been identified: catalytic metal sugaces, monomeric solution com...

Proteins can become modified by a large number of reactions involving reactive oxygen species. Among these reactions, carbonylation has attracted a great deal of attention due to its irreversible and unrepairable nature. Carbonylated proteins are marked for proteolysis by the proteasome and the Lon protease but can escape degradation and form high-molecular-weight aggregates that accumulate wit...

A general efficient regioselective cobalt catalyzed carbonylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds of aliphatic amides was demonstrated using atmospheric (1-2 atm) carbon monoxide as a C1 source. This straightforward approach provides access to α-spiral succinimide regioselectively in a good yield. Cobalt catalyzed sp3 C-H bond carbonylation is reported for the first time including the functionali...

Long-term hydrogen production from a methanol–water solution was achieved by developing new reaction system employing homogeneous iridium catalyst bearing bipyridonate-type functional ligand. By optimizing the methanol:water ratio of solution, efficiency greatly improved in relation to that reported our previous studies. Additionally, effect scale investigated. It found small-scale led longer l...

CO-free hydrogen production from methanol and water by using transition metal complex catalysts has attracted increasing attention. However, liquid-phase batch reactions homogeneous are impractical for large-scale operations, owing to the consumption of bases use organic solvents or additives. This study concerns a novel method continuous simple methanol-water solution under vapor-phase flow. T...

Background-—We have demonstrated that cardiotonic steroids, such as ouabain, signaling through the Na/K-ATPase, regulate sodium reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. By direct carbonylation modification of the Pro222 residue in the actuator (A) domain of pig Na/K-ATPase a1 subunit, reactive oxygen species are required for ouabain-stimulated Na/K-ATPase/c-Src signaling and subsequent regula...