Cells generate unpaired electrons, typically via oxygen- or nitrogen-based by-products during normal cellular respiration and under stressed situations. These pro-oxidant molecules are highly unstable and may oxidize surrounding cellular macromolecules. Under normal conditions, the reactive oxygen or nitrogen species can be beneficial to cell survival and function by destroying and degrading pa...

High-valent metal-oxo complexes are produced by reductive activation of dioxygen via reduction of metal complexes with reductants and dioxygen. Photoinduced electron transfer from substrates to metal complexes with dioxygen also leads to the generation of high-valent metal-oxo complexes that can oxygenate substrates. In such a case metal complexes act as a photocatalyst to oxygenate substrates ...

Myeloperoxidase produces strong oxidants during the immune response to destroy invading pathogens. However, these oxidants can also cause tissue damage, which contributes to the development of numerous inflammatory diseases. Selenium containing compounds, including selenomethionine (SeMet) and 1,4-anhydro-5-seleno-D-talitol (SeTal), react rapidly with different MPO-derived oxidants to form the ...

It is strongly suspected that cytokine-induced gene expression in inflammation is oxidant mediated; however, the intracellular sources of signaling oxidants remain controversial. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, trigger gene expression of endothelial adhesion molecules including mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). MAdCAM-1 play...

The accurate and sensitive detection of radical oxidants is a central problem in the field of chemical biology. Radical oxidants can be detected in vitro with fluorescent leucodyes such as dihydroethidium (DHE), dihydrorhodamine (DHR), the hydrocyanines, redoxfluor-1, and their organelle-specific analogues. Although these probes are widely used in cell culture, their accuracy is compromised by ...

There is growing awareness that heterogeneous reactions may be important in the atmospheric formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Here, we report on the investigation of a series of recently identified heterogeneous reactions that convert 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls, a major product of alkane oxidation, to cyclic hemiacetals and then dihydrofurans in the particle-phase. Through these reaction...

In the atmospheric boundary layer that is affected by turbulent motions and inhomogeneous surface chemical emissions, short-lived reactive species may not be completely mixed within any given airmass. Coarse models, which assume complete mixing each grid-box, overestimate rates at react. We used a large eddy simulation (LES) model embedded in Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) to assess influen...