Tramadol, a broadly used opioid in recent years, is an effective analgesic agent for the treatment of moderately severe acute or chronic pain. The liver and kidneys are responsible for the metabolism and excretion of opioids, which may cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of tramadol on the liver and kidney of experimental rats. T...

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE The traditional concept of immediate antibiotic treatment in suspected leptospirosis seems to be especially important for patients up to day 4 of clinical illness. As immune mechanisms probably play a crucial role in advanced leptospirosis with presumed pulmonary hemorrhages, patients might benefit from corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents beside antibiotics.

Various metals, in trace amounts, are essential for proper biological functioning. However, there are many heavy metals that are toxic and exposure to their high intake may result in serious adverse effects on health. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants in environment. Accumulation of Cd in blood affects the kidney and liver. The toxicity of cadmium is much affected by deficiency o...

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. is a very popular ornamental plant with attractive colorful foliage and also has several medicinal properties. A detailed cytogenetical study was conducted in the ‘Red Trailing Queen’ horticultural form of this species. Hitherto, elaborate cytogenetic studies species received less attention all previous on chromosomes are decades old. Thus, reassessment necess...