The breadth of Helmholtz’s interests and contributions is outstanding. He is one of the rare scientists able to be creative in domains, as diverse as medicine, anatomy, physiology, acoustics, fluid mechanics, physics, music, aesthetics, epistemology... Although he was a universal mind, he insisted on his preference for physics, both theoretical and experimental. He was among the too rare scient...

H ayes Martin, MD, was born on June 24, 1892, in Dayton, Iowa. He graduated from The University of Iowa School of Medicine in 1917 (Figure 1). He served in World War I as a flight surgeon in France. On his return to New York City, he wanted to be a general surgeon but was not accepted into the much sought-after surgical program at Bellevue Hospital. He was told by Dr John Hartwell, the chief of...

Alexander Rödlach is an associate professor of anthropology and psychiatry at Creighton University in Omaha, USA. He studies cultural explanations of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and conducts interdisciplinary research exploring how access to integrated medical services for HIV/AIDS and TB in Zimbabwe is influenced by cultural perceptions of both diseases. Further, he collaborates with others study...

William McGrew’s excellent volume The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on Cultural Primatology is an apt book at this time in the history of primatology. It extends his previous book, Chimpanzee Material Cultures: Implications for Human Evolution [McGrew, 1992], and more recent publications that argued for the concept of culture in apes [e.g., Whiten et al., 1999], while setting the groundwork ...

map is the most important tool for cognizance in the field of geography and is the best instrument for presentation of geographic information. the study of ecology in general, which means the study of relationship between man and his environment, is only possible by means of maps. as a tool for ecology and manifestation of human sovereignty over environment, the map has served political power-h...

In both Eastern and Western cultures, the word struggle has a profound historical connotation, along with changes continuous cultural integration, idea of gradually taken on Chinese connotations values. is derived from pictograms, which means to vigor, while etymology struggle, emphasizes individual struggle. After tracing connotation we find that in cultures common pursuit, is, for realization...

The visual system can detect speed changes of moving objects only by means of alterations of retinal image motion, which is also subject to changes induced by head or eye movements. Here we investigated whether smooth pursuit eye movements affect the ability to localize short speed perturbations of large context stimuli. Psychophysical thresholds for localization, discrimination and detection o...

the seljuk branch of kerman was established around 433 a.h. by the attempts of ghavord ibn choghri beig who had been sent to conquer kerman by the order of toghrol beig. he could establish a new government in the conquered land, the one which was inherited in his family up to 583 a.h. the study of this part of seljuk reign makes it clear that although there have been some discussions regarding ...