We predict the redshift of the first observable (i.e., in our past light cone) Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) and calculate the GRB-rate redshift distribution of the Population III stars at very early times (z = 20 − 60). Using the last 2 years of data from Swift we place an upper limit on the efficiency (ηGRB) of GRB production per solar mass from the first generation of stars. We find that the first o...

The modern human face differs from that of our early ancestors in that the facial profile is relatively retracted (orthognathic). This change in facial profile is associated with a characteristic spatial distribution of bone deposition and resorption: growth remodeling. For humans, surface resorption commonly dominates on anteriorly-facing areas of the subnasal region of the maxilla and mandibl...

A rise in the oxygen content of the atmosphere and oceans is one of the most popular explanations for the relatively late and abrupt appearance of animal life on Earth. In this scenario, Earth's surface environment failed to meet the high oxygen requirements of animals up until the middle to late Neoproterozoic Era (850-542 million years ago), when oxygen concentrations sufficiently rose to per...

Earliest arrival flows capture the essence of evacuation planning. Given a network with capacities and transit times on the arcs, a subset of source nodes with supplies and a sink node, the task is to send the given supplies from the sources to the sink “as quickly as possible”. The latter requirement is made more precise by the earliest arrival property which requires that the total amount of ...

We present an exact algorithm for computing an earliest arrival flow in a discrete time setting on series-parallel graphs. In contrast to previous results for the earliest arrival flow problem this algorithm runs in polynomial time.

This paper presents a generalized earliest-first (GEF) addition algorithm to accelerate carry propagation addition (CPA). A set of operators and notations have been developed to describe and analyze traditional carry-lookahead or conditional-sum-based algorithms. The proposed GEF algorithm schedules bit-level operations of CPA in an earliest-first manner to reduce the overall latency. With the ...

Earliest arrival flows are motivated by applications related to evacuation. In typical evacuation situations, the most important task is to get people out of an endangered building or area as fast as possible. Since it is usually not known how long a building can withstand a fire before it collapses or how long a dam can resist a flood before it breaks, it is advisable to organize an evacuation...

Mass-independent isotopic signatures for delta(33)S, delta(34)S, and delta(36)S from sulfide and sulfate in Precambrian rocks indicate that a change occurred in the sulfur cycle between 2090 and 2450 million years ago (Ma). Before 2450 Ma, the cycle was influenced by gas-phase atmospheric reactions. These atmospheric reactions also played a role in determining the oxidation state of sulfur, imp...

We present the earliest optical imaging observations of GRB 030329 related to SN 2003dh. The burst was detected by the HETE-2 satellite at 2003 March 29, 11:37:14.67 UT. Our wide-field monitoring started 97 minutes before the trigger and the burst position was continuously observed. We found no precursor or contemporaneous flare brighter than V = 5.1 (V = 5.5) in 32 s (64 s) timescale between 1...