This article examines the content of the Middle East term in terms of international relations. The term of East which goes back to ancient times, has been used to describe the rest, outside of Europe in cultural expressions instead of a geographical region to portray opposite world for centuries. Since the Crusades, East (Orient) was identified with Islam and West (Occident) became identical wi...

in more recent years, it has become increasingly recognized that r&d; (research and development) is a key driver of economic growth, a source of innovation and change, and as such stimulates improvements in productivity and economic competitiveness. it is closely associated with knowledge and flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of competitiveness in an increas...

South-West Asia (or the Middle-East), shown in Figure 1, is a relatively data sparse region of the world however it is interesting for several reasons. It is a region marked by political conflict. Rapid population growth and water scarcity are common throughout the area, rendering it sensitive to changes in climate. This emphasizes the importance of good meteorological and climatic knowledge to...

lebanon enjoyed the constitution in 1924. in other words, this is the second country in middle east after iran which has enjoyed the constitution. lebanon is considered as the pattern of the islam world and west world which enjoys both rich culture of islam and culture and rules of west. lebanon has the distinguished status in comparison with islamic and arabic countries and the whole countries...

the disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the soviet union, has also changed many strategic concepts. central asia, as a part of the soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. the region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of isla...