RHESSI measurements relevant to the fundamental processes of energy release and particle acceleration in flares are summarized. RHESSI’s precise measurements of hard X-ray continuum spectra enable model-independent deconvolution to obtain the parent electron spectrum. Taking into account the effects of albedo, these show that the low energy cut-off to the electron power-law spectrum is typicall...

The Onsager theory of hard rod dispersion in a neutral solvent is extended to a case of two-component dispersion consisting of both non-magnetic and magnetic rods. It was found that the alignment of magneto-sensitive dispersion component by a magnetic field leads to the alignment of non-magnetic component in the dispersion and to an elimination of the isotropic phase. This effect is significant...