Due to a large vertical gradient and strong variability of water vapour, algorithms that are effectively applied for ground-based remote sensing of many different atmospheric trace gases can be insufficient for the retrieval of tropospheric water vapour profiles. We review the most important features of the retrieval and of the radiative transfer modelling required for accurate monitoring of tr...

The influence of land-use mosaic among sub-watersheds on coastal processes apply globally to any coastal regions hugged by wetlands and underlain with limestone deposits. The existence of a subterranean flow connecting a tropical backwater to the Arabian Sea through the submerged porous lime shell is indicated from the coastal nutrient distribution. The present investigation represented a nonmu...

One of the biggest challenges in managing cold water streams in the Midwest is understanding how stream temperature is controlled by the complex interactions among meteorologic processes, channel geometry, and ground water inflow. Inflow of cold ground water, shade provided by riparian vegetation, and channel width are the most important factors controlling summer stream temperatures. A simple ...

Many endangered or threatened ecosystems depend on ground water for their survival. Nebraska's saline wetlands, home to a number of endangered species, are ecosystems whose development, sustenance, and survival depend on saline ground water discharge at the surface. This study demonstrates that the saline conditions present within the eastern Nebraska saline wetlands result from the upwelling o...

Agricultural chemical transport to surface water and the linkage to other hydrological compartments, principally ground water, was investigated at five watersheds in semiarid to humid climatic settings. Chemical transport was affected by storm water runoff, soil drainage, irrigation, and how streams were linked to shallow ground water systems. Irrigation practices and timing of chemical use gre...

In order to fully understand what a given boiler needs for treatment, a basic study of its supply water must be done first. Three types of impurities exist in all supplies and can cause a wide range of problems in boilers and kilns. These impurities are suspended solids, dissolved solids, and dissolved gasses. Water picks up the impurities from the ground it contacts and the air through which i...