Iraq is a country of about 31.7 million inhabitants. Although it is an oil producing country, it is considered in the low middle income group with a gross national income per capita of US$ 2,380. According to the new constitution approved by referendum in 2005, powers over the education system are shared between the central government in Bagdad and the established regions. Until now, the sole r...

OBJECTIVE Every Western nation expends vast sums on health, especially for cancer; thus, the question is how efficient is the UK in reducing adult (55-74) cancer mortality rates and total mortality rates (TMR) compared to the other Western nations in the context of economic-input to health, the percentage of Gross-Domestic-Product-expenditure-on-Health. DESIGN WHO mortality rates for baseline...

Is economic well-being is accurately captured by traditional economic measures like per-capita income? This has long been a contested issue. Although everyone concedes that income is an imperfect welfare measure, conservative economists have tended to emphasize its virtues, while liberals have been more likely to stress its shortcomings. This debate is not just of philosophical interest; it als...

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century , Thomas Piketty uses what he calls “the second fundamental law of capitalism” to predict that wealth-to-income ratios are poised to increase dramatically as economies’ growth rates fall during the twenty-first century. This law states that in the long run the wealth-to-income ratio equals s/g, where s is the economy’s saving rate and g its growth rate. We...

BACKGROUND Cancer survival has been observed to be poorer in low socioeconomic groups, but the knowledge about the underlying causal factors is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine how cancer survival varies by socioeconomic status (SES) among women in Norway, and to identify factors that explain this variation. SES was measured by years of education and gross household income, res...

Potato has become one of the primary cash crops in the arid region of the Loess Plateau. However, what and how cereal crops to rotate with potato is better for the farmer’s income and environment is unclear now. 11 potato based rotation systems were simulated in Yulin, using EPIC model based on local information. Results showed 1) Though mean potato yield decreased from 6.84 to 5.38 t/hm, the m...

OBJECTIVE To examine, for essential anti-cancer medicines, the alignment of national lists of essential medicines and national reimbursable medicines lists with the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Model Lists. METHODS National medicine lists for 135 countries with per-capita gross national incomes below 25 000 United States dollars in 2015 were compared with WHO's 2013 and 2015 Model List...