Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in sustaining pasture agroecosystem function and its rate of accumulation can be influenced by management practices including manure deposition grazing intensity. This study was conducted to determine the impacts 13-years different on SOC content aggregation. The field experiment watershed consisted five practices: (i) hayed (H), (ii) continuously graz...

Temporal changes in abundance, size, productivity, resource allocation and light requirements of a subtidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) population were followed for 2 yr after the September 1993 appearance of a previously rare oval form of the commensal limpet Tectura depicta (Berry) in Monterey Bay, California, USA. By exclusively targeting the epidermis, limpet grazing impaired photosyntheti...

In restoration projects, low stock grazing has become a popular means of management. However, an accurate understanding the effects on plants and spiders is often lacking. Although are not closely related evolutionarily or genetically, relationship between them can be complex diverse. Many species spider build their webs nests plants, using leaves, stems, flowers as anchoring points. This provi...

Excessive levels of fecal indicator bacteria are a major cause water quality impairment. Grazing and its management may significantly impact concentrations; however, other sources can contribute to issues both in the presence absence cattle, thus confounding results. In this study, we utilize Bacteroides markers evaluate loading from cattle versus background runoff rotationally grazed ungrazed ...

We investigated the effects of overgrazing on the foraging behavior of livestock on a Mongolian steppe, by quantifying some behaviors of cattle, sheep and goats foraging in a lightly and a heavily grazed area in summer and winter. All animal species showed higher walking velocity and tended to show higher step/bite ratio when they foraged in the heavily grazed area than in the lightly grazed ar...

Recent attitude of vegetation assessors is using of new ecologic approaches to evaluate and analyse the complex rangeland ecosystems. Plant diversity is the most important indices to assess the ecological changes of rangelands. In order to survey of plant indices of rangelands, two exclosure areas (long-term and mid-term) and a grazing area in rangelands of Javaherdeh (Ramsar, Iran) were select...