In studying of the in situ gravitational concentration process part feature for placer, the technological ability to transform the in situ massif placer structure is evident. The two main processes involved in altering the massif in situ have been examined and outlined in detail. The in situ disintegration of massif material results in a new massif gravitational stratification structure. Regula...

• T ∼ 10−4 eV, t ∼ 1010 yr: today; baryons and the CMB are entirely decoupled, stars and galaxies have been around a long time, and clusters of galaxies (gravitationally bound systems of ∼ 1000s of galaxies) are becoming common. • T ∼ 10−3 eV, t ∼ 109 yr; the first stars and (small) galaxies begin to form. • T ∼ 10−1−2 eV, t ∼ millions of years: baryon drag ends; at earlier times, the baryons a...

The main task of this review is to discuss quantum cosmology minisuperspace models based on the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, which apart from the standard matter and 3-geometry configuration degrees of freedom, allow those related to the variability of physical constants—varying speed of light (VSL) c and varying gravitational constant G. The tunneling probability of the universe “from nothing” to ...

We analyze the observational constraints on the effective Brans-Dicke parameter and on the temporal variation of the effective gravitational constant within the context of the oscillating G model, a cosmological model based on a massive scalar field non-minimally coupled to gravity. We show that these local constraints cannot be satisfied simultaneously once the values of the free parameters en...

According to Mach’s principle inertia has its reason in the presence of all masses in the universe. Despite there is a lot of sympathy for this plausible idea, only a few quantitative frameworks have been proposed to test it. In this paper a tentative theory is given which is based on Mach’s critisism on Newton’s rotating bucket. Taking this criticism seriously, one is led to the hypothesis tha...

Hyperdimensional unified field theories date back to 1921, when Kaluza reported that the Einstein equations of general relativity written in five dimensions (5D) would yield both the standard four-dimensional Einstein equations as well as the Maxwell equations, thus unifying general relativity and electrodynamics. Subsequent research focused on the field equations, with little attention paid to...

We consider the classical uctuations of the gravitational constant generated by bubbles in the in ationary universe. For extended in ation, we demonstrate numerically how and how large uctuations are produced during bubbleexpansion. The amplitude of the uctuations depends on the Brans-Dicke parameter !: if ! is of the order of unity, the amplitude becomes of the order of unity within one Hubble...

This paper presents data from the BIMA interferometer showing spatially resolved absorption spectra of the gravitationally lensed quasar PKS 1830-211. High-resolution (1.2 km s) spectra were taken in two spectral windows centered on the redshifted frequencies of the HCO(2 ← 1) and HCN(2 ← 1) molecular transitions. There is no molecular absorption in the northeast image but the southwest image r...

The Einstein equation of the general relativity (1) postulates a balance between the spacetime curvature and the energy-momemtum. Initially, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant (CC) Λ into the equation to make the steady state cosmology. When the expansion of the Universe was discovered, Einstein dismissed CC as his greatest blunder. Recent observations of the type Ia supernovae [1,2]...

We construct a family of semi-analytic models for young open clusters, including a gaseous component and varying assumptions about the distribution function for the stellar component. The parameters of these models are informed by observed open clusters and general theoretical considerations regarding cluster formation. We use this framework to estimate the fraction F∗ of the stellar component ...