Complex models have received significant interest in recent years and are being increasingly used to explain the stochastic phenomenon with upward downward fluctuation such as stock market. Different from existing semi-variance methods traditional integer dimension construction for two variables, this paper proposes a simplified multi-factorized fractional derivation exact Excel tool algorithm ...

We present a hospital non-price competition model to investigate two important concerns when a global budgeting system is applied to the expenditure cap policy and the expenditure target policy. Our results indicate that (1) the treadmill effect, (describing a phenomenon whereby health care providers provide more health care services with a lower reimbursed price under the expenditure cap polic...

For most of the past fifty years, real agricultural commodity prices followed a downward trend punctuated by short-lived peaks that were not matched by equally pronounced and short-lived price falls but rather were separated by extended price troughs. Since 2000 it appears that prices have departed from their long-term downward trend and have become increasingly volatile (Figure 1). Prices incr...

In business-to-business marketing, managers are often tasked with developing effective global pricing strategies for customers characterized by different cultures and different utilities for product attributes. The challenges of formulating international pricing schedules are especially evident in global markets for service offerings, where intensive customer contact, extensive customization re...

This paper proposes an interval method to explore the relationship between the exchange rate of Australian dollar against US dollar and the gold price, using weekly, monthly and quarterly data. With the interval method, interval sample data are formed to present the volatility of variables. The ILS approach is extended to multi-model estimation and the computational schemes are provided. The em...