Small enterprises are beginning to utilize Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and spatial technologies. Since these technologies have only recently become widely available for small enterprises, there are challenges including costs, training, skilled workforce, data gathering and management, and competitive strategy. Two conceptual theories of GIS strategy are discussed with respect to small...

Within the collaborative research centre SFB350 at the University of Bonn a component software called GeoToolKit has been developed, which is intended to facilitate the design and implementation of 3D/4D geological applications. It provides a range of geo-oriented software building blocks for application developers involving database management system based spatial and temporal data maintenance...

The ability to deliver sustainable development is a significant issue for countries world-wide and the use of correct, current and integrated spatial information about the built and natural environments is paramount to this. SDIs have become crucial tools in facilitating how spatial data and spatial information are used. Initially SDIs were implemented as a mechanism to facilitate access and sh...

Thematic maps are nowadays widely used in a variety of research domains and human daily lives to depict and analyze spatial phenomena in reality. Though current Web-based GISs can already display thematic maps via internet, their content is nonetheless restricted to those maps already stored in databases. Naïve users, with limited cartographic knowledge and GIS software experience, can hardly s...

Q. By whom are you presently employed and in what capacity? A. I am employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), which has its home base in Greenbelt, Maryland. I am the director of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), which is a division of GSFC located in New York City. I am also a senior scientist in the Columbia Universi...

[1] The GISS coupled model is used to investigate the sensitivity of sea ice to each of the following parameterizations: (1) two sea ice dynamics (CF: cavitating fluid; VP: viscousplastic), (2) the specification of oceanic isopycnal mixing coefficients in the Gent and McWillams isopyncal mixing (GM), and (3) the wajsowicz viscosity diffusion (WV). The large-scale sea ice properties are highly s...

A significant number of long-term climate change simulations are to be carried out in the Integrated Framework of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. Since Global Circulation Models (GCMs) require an enormous amount of computer time, the two-dimensional statistical-dynamic model developed by Stone and Yao has been chosen to be used for the initial stage of the Join...