To understand how evolving systems bring forth novel and useful phenotypes, it is essential to understand the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic change. Artificial evolving systems can help us understand whether the genotype-phenotype maps of natural evolving systems are highly unusual, and it may help create evolvable artificial systems. Here we characterize the genotype-phenotype m...

In most genetic studies in humans the variability in a quantitative trait is adjusted for variability in concomitants (age, sex, etc) using a single regression equation prior to analyses of pedigree data. To illustrate an alternative approach, a single locus genetic model was tested. This model incorporates genotypic effects on the level of the trait, the variability in the trait, and the relat...

Genotypic and phenotypic variation of SeMNPV was examined in seven isolates of SeMNPV originating from occlusion body (OB) populations in the soil of greenhouses in Spain. Semi-quantitative PCR indicated that some of the isolates were composed of a single dominant genotype, whereas other isolates were composed of two or three genotypes in equal proportions. The coexistence of genotypes could be...

Background: Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic agents known to infect humans and a wide range of animals, including poultry. Salmonella Infantis has been one of the 15 most frequently isolated serovars throughout the world. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the molecular characteristics of S. Infantis strains from Iran. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study wa...

  Target modification and reduced drug accumulation are the main resistance mechanisms against fluoroquinolone antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We performed a genotypic characterization of three major Mex multidrug efflux pumps (MexAB-OprM, MexXY-OprM and MexCD-OprJ) in ciprofloxacin resistant clinical isolates of P. aeru­ginosa, collected from Tehran, Iran this was followed by sequencin...

Background: Sickle cell disease (HbSS) is a major health problem in Nigeria and ma-laria has been implicated as a leading cause of morbidity/mortality in sickle cell disease patients. Few reasons were put forward to explain the observed morbidity/mortality of HbSS subjects due to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria. Objectives: To determine the level of immunoglobulin classes (IgM, Ig...

as a case study, the genotypic polymorphism of the iranian material of diploid triticum was screened based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the ribosomal dna (rdna) using single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis. this is a simple and cost effective technique for genotyping and investigating the allelic polymorphism among plant populations. performing sscp analysis among...

in most experiments comparing the cultivars, the interpretation genotype × environment interaction is complex, and environmental and genotypic effects are not separable. shifted multiplicative model (shmm) provides a powerful analytical tool for the discriminating of genotypic effects from environmental effects and discriminating of environmental from genotypic effects. in this study 10 elite l...

cladistic A classification based entirely on monophyletic taxonomic groupings within a phylogeny; taxonomic units that are paraphyletic or polyphyletic are rejected. A ‘‘cladist’’ is one who practices ‘‘cladistics,’’ usually in the sense of using parsimony to adjudicate between data from multiple characters in the construction of a ‘‘cladogram,’’ which is an estimate of the true phylogeny. cohe...