Some consequences of uncertainties in radiobiological risk due to galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposure are analyzed for their e ect on engineering designs for the rst lunar outpost and a mission to explore Mars. This report presents the plausible e ect of biological uncertainties , the design changes necessary to reduce the uncertainties to acceptable levels for a safe mission, and an evaluation ...

We study the sporadic Forbush effects of the galactic cosmic ray intensity using neutron monitors and muon telescopes experimental data and the theoretical modeling developed based on the Parker’s transport equation for a non stationary case. We found that a hard rigidity spectrum in the minimum phase of the Forbush effects of GCR intensity determined by neutron monitors experimental data is re...

Duplications of Hox gene clusters have been suggested as a mechanism whereby new Hox functions can be developed while preserving critical ancestral roles. However, in tetrapods, particularly in mammals, there is great variability in limb structure morphologies that are known to be affected by Hox genes without further Hox cluster duplications. The lack of further duplications suggests that if H...

A programme is outlined for the assembly of a comprehensive dielectronic recombination database within the generalized collisional–radiative (GCR) framework. It is valid for modelling ions of elements in dynamic finite-density plasmas such as occur in transient astrophysical plasmas such as solar flares and in the divertors and high transport regions of magnetic fusion devices. The resolution a...

SUMMARY Recently the GMRESR inner-outer iteration scheme for the solution of linear systems of equations has been proposed by Van der Vorst and Vuik. Similar methods have been proposed by Axelsson and Vassilevski 1] and Saad (FGMRES) 10]. The outer iteration is GCR, which minimizes the residual over a given set of direction vectors. The inner iteration is GMRES, which at each step computes a ne...

The potential risks for late effects including cancer, cataracts, and neurological disorders due to exposures to the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) is a large concern for the human exploration of Mars. Physical models are needed to project the radiation exposures to be received by astronauts in transit to Mars and on the Mars surface, including the understanding of the modification of the GCR by th...

We report on observations of energetic particles (EP) during the ascent of ULYSSES to the south pole, on the fast pass from south to north and in the first few months after the north polar pass. After it left the ecliptic plane the spacecraft moved periodically into a corotating (26 days period) fast solar wind stream and observed the accelerated EP associated with the forward and reverse shock...

The absence of Tsa1, a key peroxiredoxin that functions to scavenge H(2)O(2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, causes the accumulation of a broad spectrum of mutations including gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). Deletion of TSA1 also causes synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in RAD6 and several key genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair. In the present study we invest...

We study the relationships of the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity and anisotropy with the 27-day variations of the solar wind (SW) velocity, Wolf number (Rz) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength for different positive (A > 0) and negative (A < 0) polarity periods of the solar magnetic cycles based on the experimental data. We found that the long-lived ac...

Since the early 1970’s, anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) intensities at 1 AU at solar minimum have generally tracked the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensities as measured by neutron monitors. Throughout the current A 0 cycle, however, the ACR intensities are a factor of 3–4 lower than expected from scaling neutron monitor rates; a similar discrepancy seems to have been present during the last A 0 per...