The dehydration mechanisms for glucose in β-pyranose (BP) and in open-chain (OC) forms, catalyzed by acids homogeneously and heterogeneously, were investigated using density functional and two-layer ONIOM calculations. The first dehydration reaction and competing reaction pathways are the main focus of the present study. The energetics of five dehydration and two isomerization pathways were exa...

El Escorial Hospital. Madrid. Spain. Introduction: At this time, there is no absolute definition of dehydration that can be useful in clinical practice. The term dehydration refers to several conditions associated with loss of total body fluids. The terms commonly known in clinical practice to describe this situation are fluid deficit, volume depletion, and dehydration. The actual incidence of ...

BACKGROUND Although diarrhea is a preventable disease, it remains the second leading cause of death (after pneumonia) among children aged under five years worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) scale, the Gorelick scale, and the Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS) were created to estimate dehydration status using clinical signs. The purpose of this study is to determine whether these clini...

Subcellular sugar partitioning in plants is strongly regulated in response to developmental cues and changes in external conditions. Besides transitory starch, the vacuolar sugars represent a highly dynamic pool of instantly accessible metabolites that serve as energy source and osmoprotectant. Here, we present the molecular identification and functional characterization of the vacuolar glucose...

INTRODUCTION Although dehydration from diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five, existing methods of assessing dehydration status in children have limited accuracy. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound measurement of the aorta-to-IVC ratio as a predictor of dehydration in children. METHODS A prospective cohort study of children un...

The possible role of photorespiration as a general stress protection mechanism, and in C(4) plant metabolism, is controversial. In particular, the potential involvement of photorespiration in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in 'resurrection' plants is unknown. An investigation was carried out into whether photorespiration is present in leaves of the C(4) resurrection plant Sporobolus s...

The level of hydration in the human body is carefully adjusted to control the electrolyte balance that governs the biochemical processes that sustain life. An electrolyte deficiency caused by deor overhydration will not only limit human performance, but can also lead to serious health problems and death if left untreated. Because humans can withstand a change in hydration of only ±20%, frequent...

Axes of soybean seeds are tolerant to dehydration at 6 hours of imbibition, but susceptible to dehydration injury if dried at 36 hours of imbibition. Smooth microsomal membranes were isolated from axes imbibed for 6 hours (dehydration tolerant state) and 36 hours (dehydration susceptible state) before and after dehydration treatment. The phase properties and the lipid composition of the membran...

Recurrent dehydration, such as commonly occurs with manual labor in tropical environments, has been recently shown to result in chronic kidney injury, likely through the effects of hyperosmolarity to activate both vasopressin and aldose reductase-fructokinase pathways. The observation that the latter pathway can be directly engaged by simple sugars (glucose and fructose) leads to the hypothesis...

Cutaneous CO2 excretion is reduced as the skin dries during dehydration but an increase in breath frequency acts to regulate the arterial blood PCO2 and thus pHa. Moreover, the toad does not urinate and water is reabsorbed from the bladder to replace that lost by evaporation at the skin and lung surfaces. The animal does, however, produce a very acid bladder urine to conserve circulating levels...