Light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are a lighting source useful for the precise evaluation of light quality effect on biological systems. Despite importance spectra regeneration land plant protoplasts (“naked cells”), this factor has not been tested yet from multicellular algae. This study reports effects pure primary colors (red, blue, and green), dichromatic (red plus RB, 1 : 2) white LEDs protopla...

Background Molecular phylogeny has resolved the liverworts as the earliest-divergent clade of land plants and mosses as the sister group to hornworts plus tracheophytes, with alternative topologies resolving the hornworts as sister to mosses plus tracheophytes less well supported. The tracheophytes plus fossil plants putatively lacking lignified vascular tissue form the polysporangiophyte clade...

All sexually reproducing eukaryotes have a life cycle consisting of a haploid and a diploid phase, marked by meiosis and syngamy (fertilization). Each phase is adapted to certain environmental conditions. In land plants, the recently reconstructed phylogeny indicates that the life cycle has evolved from a condition with a dominant free-living haploid gametophyte to one with a dominant free-livi...

Crosses between “franciscana sulfurea” and sulfur-dwarf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Crosses between ‘ffranciscana sulfurea” and Oenothera franciscana ...................... 328 Chromosome configurations of the hybrids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Interpretation of data.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors involved in various important aspects of development and differentiation in land plants, metazoans, and other organisms. Three types of land plant MADS-box genes have been reported. MIKCC- and MIKC*-type genes both contain conserved MADS and K domains but have different exon/intron structures. M-type genes lack a K domain. Most MADS-box genes previous...

Male fertility depends on the proper development of the male gametophyte, successful pollen germination, tube growth, and delivery of the sperm cells to the ovule. Previous studies have shown that nutrients like boron, and ion gradients or currents of Ca2+, H+, and K+ are critical for pollen tube growth. However, the molecular identities of transporters mediating these fluxes are mostly unknown...