It is known that spermatogenic disorders are associated with genetic deficiency, although the primary mechanism is still unclear. It is difficult to demonstrate the molecular events occurring in testis, which contains germ cells at different developmental stages. However, transcriptomic methods can help us reveal the molecular drive of male gamete generation. Many transcriptomic studies have be...

Charitable donations by private individuals and firms can help fund the Millennium Development Goals. What are the prospects for increasing donations for international development, whether from small-scale donors, the super-rich (as in the recent gifts by Bill Gates and Ted Turner), or the corporate sector? The paper starts by reviewing how large are the sums currently given in OECD countries (...

The motives underlying prosocial behavior, like charitable donations, can be related either to actions or to outcomes. To address the neural basis of outcome orientation in charitable giving, we asked 33 subjects to make choices affecting their own payoffs and payoffs to a charity organization, while being scanned by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We experimentally induced a rewa...

InGameteDonorAnonymity andLimits ofNumbers ofOffspring:TheViews ofThree Stakeholders,1 Margaret K. Nelson, Rosanna Hertz, and Wendy Kramer, present empirical data on the attitudes of gamete donors,2 intended parents,3 and donor-conceived persons toward both donor anonymity and limits on the number of children produced using gametes from any one donor. Consistent with the assisted reproductive t...

The cave systems of the Neretva River basin in Dinaric Karst are home to Congeria kusceri, one very few known examples stygobiotic bivalve mollusks, which displays several unique life history traits and adaptations that allowed its adaptation subterranean environment. This endemic species is undergoing rapid decline, most likely linked with habitat degradation, might seriously threaten survival...