Drinking or local application of human or animal urine for medicinal purposes has been practiced all over the world for millennia. Documented prescriptions in Europe originate from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. While many of the advances of antique medicine were forgotten after the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of urine and other excrements enjoyed continued popularity in mediaeval times....

There have been recent attempts to revive the traditional production of handmade paper from bark Coi (Streblus asper Lour.) tree in Thailand. A sheet sample paper, made production, was collected and examined microscopically for first time. Film-like material cubic calcium particles were found on surface, which is consistent with results authors’ previous research. Meanwhile, handsheets derived ...

from the ancient times, the question of god’s concept has been an ultimate concern for humankind and in recent times most of the thinkers try to answer in it from different aspects. the present article is going to consider this problem from yung's psychoanalytical point of view. following william james and sigmund freud generally, carl gustav yung has had many studies concerning psychology...

avesta is the oldest written text remained and extant from iranian old languages. it comprises of a collection of thousands of words and expressions covering almost all fields of religion and the culture of ancient human beings. with regard to what is left of avesta, the contents of the twenty-one nasks (“books”) remained from the sasanian period, and the documents existing in other books perti...

Bloodletting is an ancient procedure that was utilized for curing the ills of man. This article traces the use of leeches for bloodletting therapy from ancient Greek times to the Chapin Harris era in the 1840s to modern day usage by plastic surgeons. The leech is described as both a parasite and a therapeutic agent. The techniques used by both medicine and dentistry are historically documented.

Ischemic heart disease and stroke have remained the world’s leading cause of death over the past 15 years. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease has been slow and was not elucidated until the beginning of the 20th century. This article will review how the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease was viewed from ancient times to the present day. MUMMIES AND ANC...

In the course of history, different civilizations and cultures have had different codes of ethics for “animal professions”. To understand the current form and content of these codes of ethics, it is necessary to look back and analyse the opinions of different experts from ancient times to the present day. In the history of European civilization, the ethical/deontological views closest to those ...

In traditional practice medicinal plants are used in many countries to control diabetes mellitus. Plant drugs are frequently considered to be less toxic and more free from side effects than synthetic ones. Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a common vegetable used since ancient times. It has been shown to posses many medicinal properties. In the present study, intraperitoneal administration of alcoholic ...

The two ancient civilizations of Iran and India, due to their long-standing cultural, political and economic relations, have had a relative cognition of each other's identity, which has, over time, become more logical, complete, and at times symbolic. Undoubtedly, in order to understand the history of Iran and India in ancient times and how these two nations interacted, we must inevitably find ...