A simple relationship, referred to as a mass conversion factor (MCF), is presented to convert optically based particle measurements to mass concentration. It is calculated from filter-based samples and optical particle counter (OPC) data on a daily or sample period basis. The MCF allows for greater temporal and spatial mass concentration information than typical filter-based measurements. Resul...

This paper presents a novel discrete particle swarm optimization (PSO) for frequency response masking (FRM) finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters over the canonical signed-digit (CSD) multiplier coefficient space. A look-up table (LUT) scheme is employed to ensure that the PSO automatically searches through permissible CSD multiplier coefficient values in the course of optimization with...

BACKGROUND Population-based research on heart failure (HF) is hindered by lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria. Framingham (FRM), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Modified Boston (MBS), Gothenburg (GTH), and International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code criteria, do not differentiate acute decompensated heart failure (...

By the 2050s, more than 120 million people are predicted to settle in Pearl River Delta (PRD), which covers large coastal cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Cities PRD vitally important China relation their socio-economic contributions. From recent evidence, this strongly urbanized area is vulnerable to, currently facing bigger incidences of, urban flooding. Flood risk growing lo...

Flood risk management (FRM) is facing various challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity losses. Traditional structural FRM measures are now not always feasible responses to these challenges. One answer might be the use of policy experiments promote innovation. This paper aims assess explain why innovations in rarely implemented. We analysed seven innovative strategies across Austria t...

Fine particles in the atmosphere have elicited new national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) because of their potential role in health effects and visibility-reducing haze. Since April 1997, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has measured fine particles (PM2.5) in the Tennessee Valley region using prototype Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers, and results indicate that the new NAAQS annu...

The significant advantage of modified discrete Fourier transform (MDFT) filter banks over the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) filter banks is the structure inherent alias cancellation in the former. When the number of channels is increased, the filters in the filter bank need to be of sharp transition width. This increases the complexity of the filters and hence that of the filter...