Malawi is a landlocked country, stretching over 94 084 square kilometres of land and 24 404 square kilometres of fresh water, whose economic backbone is agriculture. Malawi’s HIV positivity rate is estimated at 10.0% (Table 1).1 HIV prevalence varies widely by geographic regions, where it is 14.5% in southern Malawi, 7.6% in central Malawi and 6.6% in northern Malawi. Prevalence also differs by...

Novel physical and chemical conditions of many modern ecosystems increasingly diverge from the environments known to have existed at any time in the history of Earth. The loss of natural land to urbanization is one of the most prevalent drivers of novel environments in freshwaters. However, current understanding of aquatic community response to urbanization is based heavily upon aggregate indic...

Sub-chronic exposure (15 days) of Channa punctatus to sub-lethal concentrations of zinc (10, 15 and 25 Zn mg l(-1)) resulted in a significant decline of hepatic and ovarian glycogen, cholesterol, total proteins and total lipids. DNA and RNA contents were also estimated in the ovary. These parameters simultaneously decline with an increase in dose and duration of the experiment. A decline in all...

To investigate risk factors for sporadic infection with Giardia lamblia acquired in the United Kingdom, we conducted a matched case-control study in southwest England in 1998 and 1999. Response rates to a postal questionnaire were 84% (232/276) for cases and 69% (574/828) for controls. In multivariable analysis, swallowing water while swimming (p<0.0001, odds ratio [OR] 6.2, 95% confidence inte...

Desalination of seawater, brackish water, and reclaimed water is increasingly utilized worldwide to augment and diversify fresh water sources. The lack of economically and ecologically feasible concentrate management options, however, is a major barrier to widespread implementation of desalination, in particular at inland sites. This paper critically reviews strategies and technologies for conc...

Microalgae photobioreactor systems at the University of Dayton Research Institute’s (UDRI) Carbon Sequestration and Bio Fuel Laboratory are being used to investigate algae’s ability to capture CO2, clean wastewater, and produce algae biomass that can be used for carbon neutral biofuel generation. Algae cultivation is of interest because it does not require arable land or fresh water, and algae ...

Three species of amphibious sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) spend variable time at sea and require fresh water for water balance. Both the rate of cutaneous evaporative water loss and the extent of terrestriality are known to differ among them. Laticauda semifasciata has the greatest rate of water loss and the least extent of terrestriality, whereas L. colubrina exhibits the reverse and L. laticaud...

The student lead group Ecoalition secured a grant to promote water harvesting efforts around the University of Arizona (UA). One of the objectives of this grant was to create a georelational database of potential water harvesting sites around the UA campus. Students, faculty, and staff worked together to collect field data around the University to include in this database. Those involved in the...

We present light harvesting of aqueous colloidal quantum dots to nonradiatively transfer their excitonic excitation energy efficiently to dye molecules in water, without requiring ligand exchange. These as-synthesized CdTe quantum dots that are used as donors to serve as light-harvesting antennas are carefully optimized to match the electronic structure of Rhodamine B molecules used as acceptor...