The species richness of freshwater environments is disproportionately high compared with that of the oceans, given their respective sizes. If diversification rates are higher in freshwaters because they are isolated and heterogeneous, this should apply to parasites as well. Using 14 large datasets comprising 677 species of freshwater and marine fish, the hypothesis that freshwater parasites exp...

-Water plays an important role in everyday’s life. Agriculture is a backbone of our country and it uses 85% of available fresh water for irrigation. Irrigation is the method of supplying the water to the plants artificially. In India, Farmers follow different irrigation systems to cultivate the crops. The different types of irrigation methods include sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, surfa...

Considering the Arctic Ocean (including sea ice) as a defined volume, we develop equations describing the time-varying fluxes of mass, heat and freshwater (FW) into, and storage of those quantities within, that volume. The seasonal cycles of fluxes and storage of mass, heat and FW are quantified and illustrated using output from a numerical model. The meanings of 'reference values' and FW fluxe...

Tardi-what? Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are a littlestudied phylum of animals. First discovered 230 years ago, there are at least 700 different species living on land, in fresh water and in the sea. The tardigrades represent a successful group of animals — in flourishing existence after about 600 million years of evolution — that could hold keys to the patterns and mechanisms by whi...

BACKGROUND Viruses are important drivers of ecosystem functions, yet little is known about the vast majority of viruses. Viral shotgun metagenomics enables the investigation of broad ecological questions in phage communities. One ecological characteristic is species richness, which is the number of different species in a community. Viruses do not have a phylogenetic marker analogous to the bact...

The mechanism that causes an interdecadal oscillation in a coarse resolution sector ocean model forced by mixed boundary conditions is studied. The oscillation is characterized by large fluctuations in convective activity and air/sea heat exchange on a decadal time scale. When the convective activity is large, a strengthening of the southeastward surface flow advects more relatively fresh water...

The understanding of migration patterns can significantly contribute to conservation and management. The spawning migrations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cover thousands of kilometers from the feeding areas at sea to their natal rivers to reproduce. Migrating salmon are exposed to intensive harvest, but little is known of the population-specific differences in migration behavior. In this st...

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAPs) have been shown to exist in numerous marine and brackish environments where they are hypothesized to play important ecological roles. Despite their potential significance, the study of freshwater AAPs is in its infancy and limited to local investigations. Here, we explore the occurrence, diversity and distribution of AAPs in lakes covering a wide latitudina...

The small Sanjiang plain is one of the most important commodity grain production bases and the largest fresh water wetland in China. Due to the rapid expansion of agricultural activities in the past 30 years, the contradiction between economic development and the loss of ecosystem services has become an issue of increasing concern in the area. In this study, we analysed land use changes and the...

In this paper the possibilities of improvements of an industrial process of subsequent pasteurisation were considered in a case study of a pasteurisation plant. The current process has extremely high operating costs, and the aim is therefore to consider the improvement possibilities and savings. Firstly the process was analyzed, and then possible measurements and calculations were provided. Sim...