The purpose of this study was to obtain the best anthocyanin pigment extract powder from 3 types of drying process, vacuum drying, spray drying, and  freeze-drying. The duration and temperature for each type of drying process are 15 h with temperature of 40 oC, 2 h with temperature of 120 oC (inlet) and 60 oC (outlet), 24 h with temperature of -50 o</su...

We have fabricated a cryogenic atomic force microscope that is designed for structural investigation of freeze-fractured biological specimens. The apparatus is operated in liquid nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. Freeze-fracturing, freeze-etching and subsequent imaging are carried out in the same chamber, so that the surface topography of a fractured plane is easily visualized without ice c...

Sugarcane can be very susceptible to damage by freezes. Freeze-deteriorated cane can cause problems in processing and sometimes leads to a factory shut-down. This study was undertaken during the 2000/2001 harvest season to assess the cold tolerance performance of six commercial sugarcane varieties and to establish new and more sensitive criteria to measure cold tolerance. Two varieties CP 70-32...

This article examines the deferral value of an estate freeze. To be more specific, it models the value of the deferral of tax on future growth. From this model, we * Ling Chu is of Arthur Andersen LLP, Toronto; Glenn Feltham is of the University of Saskatchewan; and Robert Mathieu is of Wilfrid Laurier University. We would like to thank seminar participants at the University of Saskatchewan, th...

Freeze-drying is a common preservation technology in the pharmaceutical industry. Various studies have investigated the effect of different cryoprotectants on probiotics during freeze-drying. However, information on the effect of cryoprotectants on the stability of some Lactobacillus strains during freeze-drying seems scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to establish production m...

We consider the model-checking problem for freeze LTL on one-counter automata (OCAs). Freeze LTL extends LTL with the freeze quantifier, which allows one to store different counter values of a run in registers so that they can be compared with one another. As the model-checking problem is undecidable in general, we focus on the flat fragment of freeze LTL, in which the usage of the freeze quant...

Histology and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out on buffalo muscles that were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles at -10 and -18°C. In the first freeze thaw cycle (-10°C) structures of muscle showed slight change and closely resembled to those of normal muscle. There were frequent gaps in the half way across the fibres and some cracks in individual fibre were also no...