the plant-pathogen interaction is a multifactor process that may lead to resistance or susceptible responses of plant to pathogens. during the arms race between plant and pathogens, various biochemical, molecular and physiological events are triggered in plant cells such as ros signaling, hormone activation and gene expression reprogramming. in plants, micrornas (mirnas) are key post-transcript...

Realizing the ideal of democracy requires political inclusion for citizens. A legitimate democracy must give citizens the opportunity to express their attitudes about the relative attractions of different policies, and access to political mechanisms through which they can be counted and heard. The most influential expression of these objectives derives from the political philosophy underlying d...

Nowadays, the companies use collaborative technologies to support teamwork through computers, improving communication and interaction in a centralized or distributed way. In teamwork, having easy access to information from the rest of the team, can determine the

the first aim of this article is to present zahed’s conceptual–operational model of freedom on the basis of islamic thoughts.  the second goal is to distinguish how freedom would run in the islamic society according to this operational model. finally, we will talk about the differences between this new conceptualization of freedom and the secular one. we will introduce theoretical, social and c...

Participatory budgeting is applied by an increasing number of municipalities and organizations. Citizens can decide over an institutional budget. The allocation mechanism can affect emotional arousal, which influences the choice evaluation in the decicion-making process. Building on the endowment effect, we conduct an experiment testing a novel participatory budgeting approach that includes an ...

The issue of the right to freedom expression and pornography needs be studied from a human rights perspective in terms universalism particularism. Pornography has potential have different standards depending on time place person’s use clothing extent which law restricts pornographic behavior. This study aims unravel digital space Perspective Human Rights Particularism. research method used is n...

The health care system offered by Australian Governments to its citizens is one of universal access and entitlement to needs based health, hospital and aged care at zero or limited cost. The system includes programmes for hospital care, medical care, pharmaceuticals and aged care. Every citizen is entitled to make use of any part of the system, whether they have contributed to the cost of such ...