In a randomly-mating biparental population of size N there are, with high probability, individuals who are genealogical ancestors of every extant individual within approximately log2(N) generations into the past. We use this result of J. Chang to prove a curious corollary under standard models of recombination: there exist, with high probability, individuals within a constant multiple of log2(N...

Pedigree information which collected from 1979 to 2012 were used to study the genetic variability and population structure of Raeini Cashmere goat, taking kids born from 2009 to 2012 into account as reference population. Averages of inbreeding coefficients in whole and inbred populations were computed to be 0.04% and 4.41%, respectively. Considering the reference population, average inbreeding ...

Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles of our cells and derive from bacterial ancestors that became endosymbionts of microorganisms from a different lineage, together with which they formed eukaryotic cells. For a long time it has remained unclear from which bacteria mitochondria actually evolved, even if these organisms in all likelihood originated from the α lineage of proteobacteri...