Introduction This paper, the seventh in the series, will address the eighth of the ten stages of a research project suggested in the first paper. The ten suggested stages are: 1. The initial idea (asking a research question). 2. Searching the literature. 3. Refining the research question. 4. Planning the study. 5. Writing a protocol. 6. Obtaining ethical approval and funding. 7. Piloting the me...

Gonads and mesonephros dissected from normal chick embryos, as well as a blood sample, were labelled in vitro with [35S]methionine and [14C]leucine. The patterns of cytosolic protein synthesis of the different tissues were analysed using two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three developmental stages, i.e. 8, 12 and 17 days of incubation, were investigated. Five sex-specifi...

2 Research plan 3 2.1 Current state of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.1 The dominant internalist account of rationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.2 Externalist challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Current state of our research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Heterotrimeric G proteins are crucial for asymmetric cell division, but the mechanisms of signal activation remain poorly understood. Here, we establish that the evolutionarily conserved protein RIC-8 is required for proper asymmetric division of one-cell stage C. elegans embryos. Spindle severing experiments demonstrate that RIC-8 is required for generation of substantial pulling forces on ast...

There is species divergence in control of DNA methylation during preimplantation development. The exact pattern of methylation in the bovine embryo has not been established nor has its regulation by gender or maternal signals that regulate development such as colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2). Using immunofluorescent labeling with anti-5-methylcytosine and embryos produced with X-chromosome so...

Blastomere fate and embryonic genome activation (EGA) during human embryonic development are unsolved areas of high scientific and clinical interest. Forty-nine blastomeres from 5- to 8-cell human embryos have been investigated following an efficient single-cell cDNA amplification protocol to provide a template for high-density microarray analysis. The previously described markers, characterist...

We consider the population genetics problem: How long does it take before some member of the population has m specified mutations? The case m = 2 is relevant to onset of cancer due to the inactivation of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene. Models for larger m are needed for colon cancer and other diseases where a sequence of mutations leads to cells with uncontrolled growth.

INTRODUCTION This paper, the eighth in the series, will address the ninth stage of a research project suggested in the first paper. The ten suggested stages are: 1. The initial idea (asking a research question). 2. Searching the literature. 3. Refining the research question. 4. Planning the study. 5. Writing a protocol. 6. Obtaining ethics approval and funding. 7. Piloting the project a...

The unexpected discoveries at the beginning of the century, particularly thanks to Heisenberg, Bohr, and Gödel, has driven the science to drastic changes, opening new, extraordinary, and infinite research fields. After this, many scientists saw, and still today see, a crisis, with dreadful meaning, in the science. However, this crisis is only present in that type of science, driven by determini...