The handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975, 1987; Zahavi and Zahavi, 1997) is now widely used to explain the evolution of conspicuous signals such as tail ornaments, courtship displays, and nestling begging (Godfray, 1991; Grafen, 1990a,b; Johnston, 1997; Maynard Smith and Harper, 1995). The essence of the model is that signals must be costly to be honest. Females have evolved preferences for males w...

the field study was conducted in one district of educational-experimental forest at tehran university (kheirood-kenar forest) in the north of iran. eighty-five soil profiles were dug in the site of study and several chemical and physical soil properties were considered. these factors included: soil ph, soil texture, bulk density, organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus and depth ...

This approach is learner centered and focuses on creating supportive Cognitive theories of learning can help the instructional designer achieve a particular. In the same year, Brown, Collins, and Newman also developed the Cognitive Apprenticeship In practice, from an instructional designer's point of view, this can be is an obvious application of the Inquiry Learning approach, based on which. P...

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of n-fold obstinate pseudo-hoop and n-fold obstinate filter in pseudo-hoops. Then we investigated these notions and proved some properties of them. Also, we discussed the relationship between n-fold obstinate pseudo-hoop and n-fold obstinate filter and other types of n-fold pseudo-hoops and n-fold filters such as n-fold (positive) implicative filter and ...

In reaction time tasks, when subjects commit an error, a negative wave peaking approximately 50-100 ms after the erroneous response is recorded with EEG. This negativity, called “Error (Related) Negativity” (Ne or ERN[1, 2]), is maximal fronto-centrally, above the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and/or Supplementary Motor Area and was first interpreted as reflecting an error detection mechanism. Howe...

Many nurse executives and managers have had to learn financial management skills, including planning, controlling, implementing, and analyzing departmental budgets, on the job. In today's healthcare environment, organizations are becoming aware of the value of hiring nurse executives who can speak the financial language and employ financial skills to operate their areas. As more and more nurses...

The future is dependent on the STEM graduate education system, emphasizing importance of programs in producing highly trained expert researchers. cognitive apprenticeship (CA) framework provides guidance to experts (i.e., faculty) how explicate their knowledge through creation learning opportunities that foster and support students developing expertise a particular discipline. This review exami...