Transdermal drug delivery has many potential advantages, but the skin's poorly-permeable stratum corneum blocks delivery of most drugs at therapeutic levels. Short high-voltage pulses have been used to electroporate the skin's lipid bilayer barriers and thereby deliver compounds at rates increased by as much as four orders of magnitude. Evidence that the observed flux enhancement is due to phys...

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine whether a synthetic peptide, NC-1059, can modulate the corneal epithelium to increase the permeation of therapeutic agents across this barrier. METHODS An in vitro system employing transformed human corneal epithelial (THCE) cells was optimized for this study. Culture conditions were identified to promote formation of a confluent monolayer that ...

In the past few years, many studies have reported on the formula of solder metal alloy materials. This paper discusses the influence of organic materials characters, the decomposing rate of flux in lead-free solder paste and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of halogen-free mold compounds during the on-board reliability test, and the failure mechanism in both 63Sn/37Pb and Sn–3.5Ag–0.5Cu ...

this paper describes the work done between iust and two iranian steelworks to evaluate and review the performance of mould fluxes in current use for continuous casting. calculations have been performed to compare actual values of powder consumption, viscosity and break temperature of the fluxes in current use with required values derived from published empirical rules for casting conditions. it...

The flux jump instability of Bean’s critical state in the flux-creep regime of type-II superconductors is considered. We find the flux-jump field B j which determines stability criterion of the superconducting state. The dependence of B j on the external magnetic-field ramp rate Ḃe is calculated. We demonstrate that under the conditions typical for most of the magnetization experiments the slop...

Coastal ocean bacterioplankton control the flow of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from terrestrial and oceanic sources into the marine food web, and regulate the release of inorganic carbon to atmospheric and offshore reservoirs. While the fate of the chemically complex coastal DOC reservoir has long been recognized as a critical feature of the global carbon budget, it has been problematic to i...

Atmospheric chemistry is fueled by a large annual influx of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These compounds influence ozone formation, lead to secondary organic aerosol production, and play a significant role for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic NMVOC budget is considerably uncertain due to the diversity of urban emission sources. Here, we present compr...

The oxidation process of sulfide minerals in natural environments is achieved by microbial communities from the Archaea and Bacteria domains. A metabolic reconstruction of two dominant species, Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Ferroplasma acidiphilum, which are always found together as a mixed culture in this natural environments, was made. The metabolic model, composed of 152 internal reactions ...

in conventional direct torque control (dtc), the stator flux is usually kept constant by controlling the x-axis component of the stator voltage in the stator flux reference frame. the torque is then controlled by the y-axis component of stator voltage. in this scenario, the stator current does not exceed its permissible value. however, in the so-called optimal efficiency mode, the induction mot...

Global warming might aggravate stress from already existing factors (including acidification, rising tropospheric oxidant levels, stratospheric ozone depletion, the flux of heavy metals in soils and natural waters). Current international policies and protocols, such as those for sulfur and nitrogen emission reductions would need reassessment. Also, risk assessments for a range of chemicals used...