due to the massive loss of leaves in parks and green spaces and big cities such as isfahan and the lack of domestic production of leaf vacuum shredder machine for use in large green spaces of parks, the design and construction of the collecting and recycling by the system is need so the design of the vaccum section which is one of the main parts and includes entrance, channels and ducts and exh...

The purpose of this study was to compare fluid retention of carbohydrate plus protein, a carbohydrate-only, and water following 2.5% body weight (BW) loss. Thirteen subjects dehydrated to 2.5% of BW, then ingested a CHO (6%) plus protein drink (1.5%; CP), a 6% CHO drink, or water (WA) at a volume equal to BW loss during a 3-h recovery. Fluid retention was significantly greater for CP (88 +/- 4....

Dear Editor, We read with interest the study by Sun and colleagues1 published in the recent April Sports Medicine edition. The study investigated fluid balance associated with endurance kayaking and evaluated the efficacy of hydration with water versus a commercially available sports drink. We congratulate the authors for profiling the fluid loss incurred during kayaking, in which information s...

Tissue edema is commonly associated with hypoxia. Generally, such episodes of fluid accumulation are self-limiting. At present, little is known about mechanisms to compensate excessive fluid transport. Here we describe an adaptive mechanism to dampen fluid loss during hypoxia. Initial studies confirmed previous observations of attenuated electrogenic Cl- secretion after epithelial hypoxia. A sc...

Since knowledge on hydrodynamic torque of a butterfly valve is very important for butterfly valve design, its hydrodynamic torque is investigated in this paper. In reality, the investigation of the loss coefficient and torque from some experiments will take a long time and a lot of money. This paper presents a statistical study of the flow past the butterfly valve in a static analysis using com...

PURPOSE Effective imaging of human tissue with microwave tomography systems requires a matching fluid to reduce the wave reflections at the tissue boundary. Further, in order to match the idealized mathematical model used for imaging with the complicated physical measurement environment, loss must be added to the matching fluid. Both too little and too much loss result in low-quality images, bu...

PURPOSE The effects of moderate beer consumption after physical activity on rehydration and fluid balance are not completely clear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of beer consumption, with varying alcohol content, on fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. METHODS Eleven healthy males were included in this cross over study (age 24.5 ± 4.7 years, body weight 75....

Ten met, were dehydrated by restriction of fluid intake and by exercise over 2-1/2 days (weight loss: 4.6%). Body weight returned to -1.6% within 10 hours after rehydration, suggesting the weight loss was fluid loss. Measures of blood and urine constituents also were indicative of dehydration. These subjects experienced a cold test prior to and after dehydration and after rehydration. The finge...

The forelimb was used to study capillary fluid fluxes following hemorrhage in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Arterial hemorrhage (48 ml/kg) and 4 hours of hypovolemia produced decreases in forelimb weight, arterial and venous pressures, and skin and skeletal muscle blood flows. Segmental resistances (large artery, small vessel, large vein) in both skin and skeletal muscle increase...

The site and characteristics of gastrointestinal electrolyte loss were investigated in eight dogs with experimental cholera induced by orogastric administration of 6-hr broth cultures of Vibrio cholerae, strain Ogawa 395. In these animals, all electrolyte losses originated in the small bowel, predominantly from the jejunum and ileum. The bicarbonate concentration of the small bowel fluid showed...