The electromigration (EM) performance of W-plug vias of different sizes, different capping layer types and electron flow directions in a multilevel metallization system was investigated. When the electron flow direction was from metal 2 to metal 1, with a TiN-capped metallization system, the time-to-failure dispersion (sigma) was greatly influenced by via size. However, when the electron flow d...

Rarefied gas phenomena are found in a wide variety of hypersonic flow applications, and accurate characterization of such phenomena is often desired for engineering design and analysis. In atmospheric flows involving high Mach numbers and/or low densities, underlying assumptions in a continuum fluid dynamics description tend to break down, and distributions of both molecule velocity and interna...

DNS of spatiotemporal evolution of a wake-type flow is performed. In the incoming flow, a local spanwise nonuniformity in momentum defect is initially imposed. Results show that the spanwise nonuniformity leads to a series of symmetric twist vortex dislocation in downstream of the flow. Vortex line variations and substantial transition of vorticity from spanwise to the streamwise and vertical d...

Lagrangian coherent structures provide insight into unsteady fluid flow, but their construction has posed many challenges. These structures can be characterized as ridges of a field, but their local definition utilizes an ambiguous eigenvector direction which can point in one of two directions, and its disambiguation can lead to noise and other problems. We overcome these issues with an applica...

The most important models and results of the manufacturing flow line literature are described. These include the major classes of models (asynchronous, synchronous, and continuous); the major features (blocking, processing times, failures and repairs); the major properties (conservation of flow, flow rate-idle time, reversibility, and others); and the relationships among different models. Exact...

P systems are branch of bio-inspired computing, which takes inspiration from the structure and functioning of a living cell. Current research of P systems focuses mainly on their computational power, applications include biochemical and ecological modeling. In this paper we propose model of passenger flow in metro based on P systems. This model focuses on detailed description of passenger behav...

Two natural directions of saline sea water intrusion have been registered in the lower reaches of the Neretva River: the first direction of intrusion is through the Neretva riverbed, and the second one through deeper underground layers. The numerical model of stratified flow is described, and its application in the analysis of the Neretva River salination via the first direction of intrusion is...

We develop a fully continuous model for colloidal suspensions with hydrodynamic interactions. The Navier-Stokes Phase-Field Crystal model combines ideas of dynamic density functional theory with particulate flow approaches and is derived in detail and related to other dynamic density functional theory approaches with hydrodynamic interactions. The derived system is numerically solved using adap...

This paper develops an analytical two-part covariance kernel from velocity correlations across a two-dimensional (vertical and flow directions) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) flow field. This will form the basis of a model of wave action in flood water that includes the underlying turbulence velocity field using Karhunen–Loéve (KL) expansion. The PIV data was from the supercritical flow area ...

The charging of a cylinder due to impacting charged particulate is analyzed when the imposed electric field and inviscid fluid flow are in arbitrary directions. In a quasi-static limit and neglecting self-field effects the combined field and flow stream function is a constant along the particle trajectories. Separation streamlines which pass through points where the total force on the particle ...