In the bilaterally symmetrical vertebrate CNS, all developing axons must choose between remaining on the same side of the midline or growing across it. The mechanism underlying this axonal pathfinding is, however, poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the ventral midline floor plate (FP) chemorepels two types of ipsilaterally projecting axons, one from the alar plate and another from the ...

Knowledge of past plate motions derived from ocean-floor finite rotations is an important asset of the Earth Sciences, because it allows linking a variety of shallow-rooted and deep-rooted geological processes. Efforts have recently been taken toward inferring finite rotations at the unprecedented temporal resolution of 1 Myr or less, and more data are anticipated in the near future. These reco...

Abstract Pelvic floor massage has been used for many years to treat the symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. The literature dealing with palpation of the pelvic floor has endeavoured to demonstrate either the reliability of various techniques or a correlation with pain scores in cases of dysfunction. Manual therapy research has generally reported good results with regard to symptomatic relief ...

Pelvic floor weakness is common in middle-aged and elderly parous women and is often associated with stress incontinence, uterine prolapse, constipation, and incomplete defecation. Most patients with incontinence and minimal pelvic floor weakness can be treated based on physical examination and basic urodynamic findings. However, in women with symptoms of multicompartment involvement for whom a...

Ascidians are invertebrate chordates with a simple larval tadpole form containing a notochord and an overlying dorsal neural tube. As in vertebrates, the neural tube of ascidian larvae displays positional differences along the rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes in terms of neuronal cell types generated, morphology and gene expression. However, how these differences are established in this s...

PURPOSE Controversy persists regarding the formation of human penile urethra. The classic fusion theory for the development of the spongy urethra and ectodermal ingrowth or endodermal transformation theories for the development of the glanular urethra do not explain the wide spectrum of anomalies seen in patients with hypospadias. This histological study was made to clarify the mechanism of ure...

The fibrous components of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint including the palmar plate, the collateral ligament and the dorsal plate were studied with particular attention paid to the fibrous structure of the fibrous tendon sheath and the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. The tough fibrillar structure around the MP joint, especially the force nucleus, consisted of three types of mixed fiber...

OBJECTIVES To retrospectively evaluate the outcome of internal fixation of trauma- related pelvic floor fractures using a ventral abdominal approach in cats. METHODS Clinical examination and radiographic findings at presentation, after surgery, and at follow-up were assessed. Information gathered included concurrent injuries, surgical technique used, lameness and pain scores, and radiographic...

We have investigated axis-inducing activities and cellular fates of the zebrafish organizer using a new method of transplantation that allows the transfer of both deep and superficial organizer tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that the zebrafish embryonic shield possesses classically defined dorsal organizer activity. When we remove the morphologically defined embryonic shield, embry...