Novel compact beam expanders that could be useful for applications such as providing light to flat panel displays are presented. They are based on a planar configuration in which three spatially linear gratings are recorded on one transparent substrate, so as to expand a narrow incoming beam in two dimensions. We present the design and recording procedures along with results, showing a relative...

The reduction of a structural pattern at specific gray levels or at the special condition of image data has mainly been discussed in digital halftone methods. This problem is more severe in some flat panel displays because their black levels typically are brighter than other displays blocks. The authors proposed an advanced confined error diffusion (ACED) algorithm which was a well-organized ha...

StereoGraphics Corporation has introduced a new flat-panel autostereoscopic display, the SynthaGram. It produces bright, clear, and satisfying three-dimensional images that may be viewed from a substantial angle of view by many observers. A progression of perspective views, like that used by the parallax panoramagram, is created either by computer or photographic means. Each view is sampled at ...

The extent of biological CO2 fixation was evaluated for outdoor cultures of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047. Culture conditions were optimized indoors in bubble-column photochemostats operating in continuous mode, subjected to irradiance cycles mimicking the light regime outdoors. Highest values achieved for CO2 fixation rate and biomass productivity were 1 and 0.6 g L(-1) day(-1), r...

This research tested the hypothesis that individuals who tend to form vivid visual images of others (vivid imagers) have more accurate social memories than those who form relatively nonvivid visual images of others (nonvivid imagers). In the first investigation, vivid imagers outperformed nonvivid imagers in remembering details concerning the attitudes, activities, and life history of a woman w...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A CT scanner employing a digital flat-panel detector is capable of very high spatial resolution as compared with a multi-section CT (MSCT) scanner. Our purpose was to determine how well a prototypical volume CT (VCT) scanner with a flat-panel detector system defines fine structures in temporal bone. METHODS Four partially manipulated temporal-bone specimens were imaged ...

Ring artifacts are very troublesome in a flat-panel based micro computed tomography (micro-CT) since they might severely degrade visibility of the micro-CT images. Unlike ring artifacts in other types of micro-CTs such as image-intensifier based micro-CT, ring artifacts in a flat-panel detector based micro-CT are hardly removable since the sensitivity of the pixel elements in a flat-panel detec...

This paper presents an evaluation of the Rijndael cipher, the Advanced Encryption Standard winner, from the viewpoint of its implementation in a Field Programmable Devices (FPD). Starting with an analysis of algorithm’s general characteristics a general cipher structure is described. Two different methods of Rijndael algorithm mapping to FPD are analyzed and suitability of available FPD familie...

Available online 30 April 2015 This paper tests the relation between expected excess stock returns and illiquidity risk in G7 markets. By conducting panel regressions on monthly data for 20 years, evidence shows that excess stock returns of the G7 countries are positively correlated with market illiquidity risk, but are negatively correlated with the innovation of firm-level illiquidity. Applyi...

The structure of people's conceptual knowledge of concrete nouns has traditionally been viewed as hierarchical (Collins & Quillian, 1969). For example, superordinate concepts (vegetable) are assumed to reside at a higher level than basic-level concepts (carrot). A feature-based attractor network with a single layer of semantic features developed representations of both basic-level and superordi...