It goes without saying that crude oil is important for both developed and emerging economies, with crude oil-related expenditures representing a significant proportion of total economic inputs, and an even more substantial share of total energy consumption. For example, energy expenditures of about $1,233 billion in the US currently account for some 8.8% of its GDP (from a high of 13.7% in 1981...

This paper evaluates how gasoline prices influences the average fuel economy of the existing automobile fleet. Higher fuel price affects fleet composition in two ways: immediate purchase decisions of new, more fuel efficient, vehicles and scrappage of old fuel inefficient gas-guzzlers. Gasoline costs account for 65% of the total operating costs of driving an automobile. Rational forward-looking...

this is the first report about adverse inhibitory effect of v-guard and e-guard gasoline additives against soil beneficial streptomyces. v-guard and e-guard gasoline additives are anti valve seat recession agents used in unleaded gas for old car engines in iran. they contaminate soil and groundwater by fuel leaks and spills. streptomyces are of the major contributors to the biological buffering...

This paper addresses the impacts of environmental legislation and vehicle emissions on the future of alternative fuels sucl~ as methanol, compressed natural gas, propane, electricity, hydrogen, and reformulated gasoline in the transportation industry, and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type of fuel in terms of fuel efficiency, fuel cost, environmental impacts, and vehicle...

The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a step rise for the demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude pe...

background : a significant number of patients who receive palliative irradiation for painful bone metastases experience pain flare, defined as a distressing transient increase in pain not immediately controlled by additional analgesics. this pain is postulated to be due to edema at the onset of radiotherapy. this study aims to compare the incidence of bone pain flare among patients who receive ...

We present a unified approach for both continuum and near-continuum flows based on the Boltzmann equation and kinetic theory. We use the gas-kinetic scheme (GKS) developed from the linearized Boltzmann equation for the continuum flows and a modified GKS with a variable relaxation time for the near-continuum flows. The gas-kinetic schemes are validated with simulations of the hypersonic flow pas...

Nowadays, ceramic exhaust gas sensors are installed in quantities of millions in automotive exhaust gas systems. Almost any automobile being powered by a gasoline combustion engine is equipped with at least one zirconia exhaust gas oxygen sensor (l probe) for detection of the air-to-fuel ratio l. The first part of this short overview focuses on potentiometric as well as on amperometric zirconia...

It is often asserted that consumers undervalue future gasoline costs relative to purchase prices when they choose between automobiles, or equivalently that they have high "implied discount rates" for these future energy costs. We show how this can be tested by measuring whether relative prices of vehicles with different fuel economy ratings fully adjust to time series variation in gasoline pric...