This paper presents experimental investigations of the in situ diagnosis of the alkali metals in the municipal solid waste (MSW) flame of an industrial grade incinerator using flame emission spectroscopy. The spectral radiation intensities of the MSW flame were obtained using a spectrometer. A linear polynomial fitting method is proposed to uncouple the continuous spectrum and the characteristi...

With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in...

Flame stabilization by swirl is a common feature of many combustors. While most of the swirl combustors are enclosed, there have been relatively few studies of open swirl-stabilized flames. In the current study, an open swirl-stabilized turbulent premixed flame is studied numerically. The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the flame properties by simulating the flow fie...

Ignition, flame propagation and stabilisation have been simulated and analysed in a turbulent jet of non-premixed methane and air. The first order Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) turbulent combustion model was fully coupled with a Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) flow simulation. A CMC model was developed to account for spark ignition. The over-prediction of turbulent flame propagation w...

Flame spreading is a very important phenomenon in the hazard assessment for fire, which is a key element in providing fire safety in buildings with engineering performance-based fire codes. A mathematical model is presented in this paper to predict the flame spreading of materials using the experimental data from cone calorimeter. Numerical prediction of the flame front position and flame sprea...

The thermonuclear explosion of a massive white dwarf in a Type Ia supernova explosion is characterized by vastly disparate spatial and temporal scales. The extreme dynamic range inherent to the problem prevents the use of direct numerical simulation and forces modelers to resort to subgrid models to describe physical processes taking place on unresolved scales. We consider the evolution of a mo...

Preface In 2005 Norway nominated the brominated flame retardant commercial pentabromodiphenylether (c-PentaBDE) as a persistant organic pollutant (POP) to be evaluated for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention. Based on its Risk Profile developed in 2006 and its Risk Management Evaluation Report developed in 2007, the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) concluded that global action on c-PentaBDE is w...

The study of premixed laminar flames is a central question in combustion theory. Here the differential equations describing steady flame propagation are investigated mathematically. The emphasis is on analytic results, hence a simple model, a onestep exothermic reaction with linear or radiative heat loss is studied. The equations governing our model can be considered as travelling wave equation...

A computational study was conducted on expanding spherical premixed flames to investigate the dynamics of flame-ball formation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Lean H2/air mixtures were investigated using a time-dependent, spherically symmetric code with detailed chemistry, transport, and radiation submodels. Results show that, with increasing pressure, both the steady-state flame-ball r...

The problem of flame propagation in imperfectly premixed mixtures—mixtures of reactants with variable composition—is considered in this numerical study. We carry out two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a flame propagating in a globally lean fuel-oxidizer mixture with imposed velocity and composition fluctuations of various intensities. The configuration adopted is that of a flame fr...