Extant vertebrates are divided into three major groups: hagfishes (Hyperotreti, myxinoids), lampreys (Hyperoartia, petromyzontids), and jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). The phylogenetic relationships among the groups and within the jawed vertebrates are controversial, for both morphological and molecular studies have rendered themselves to conflicting interpretations. Here, we use the sequenc...

The elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are cartilaginous fishes that are important predatory and scavenging species within aquatic ecosystems, and as living resources to human societies globally in cultural, economic, health, biodiversity and conservation contexts. There are over 900 extant species, including the world’s largest fish (the whale shark Rhincodon typus), that arose sometime d...

heavy metals entrance to fish body tissues and transferring to human body systems after their consuming makes numerous undesirable effects and health problems. the aim of this study was to determine some heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in fresh fishes marketed in khorramabad city, west of iran. in this descriptive study, five samples of 17 fish species with high consumption were purcha...

In a market economy, it is especially important to produce and provide the population with competitive, high-quality, safe food products. Quite common meat products in diet of every person are from boiled sausage group, including sausages. It known that spelt flour contains large amount protein – 17.4%, total content dietary fiber 14.3%, richer vitamin mineral composition. Due its valuable chem...

The traditionally accepted relationships among basal jawed vertebrates have been challenged by some molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial sequences. Those studies split extant gnathostomes into two monophyletic groups: tetrapods and piscine branch, including Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii and sarcopterygian fishes. Lungfish and bichir are found in a basal position on the piscin...