The aim of this paper is to improve the optimality and accuracy of techniques to guide a human in limited visibility and auditory conditions such as in fire-fighting in warehouses or similar environments. At present, breathing apparatus (BA) wearing fire-fighters move in teams following walls. Due to limited visibility and high noise in the oxygen masks, they predominantly depend on haptic comm...

INTRODUCTION In Japan, participants in the disaster-specific medical transportation system have received ongoing training since 2002, incorporating lessons learned from the Great Hanshin Earthquake. The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011, and the very first disaster-specific medical transport was performed. This article reviews in detail the central government's control and ...

Because of their occupational exposure to a variety of toxic agents, fire fighters may be at risk for a number of exposure-related diseases. We reviewed the current literature on disease risk among fire fighters to compare findings and to infer magnitude of risk. A standard mortality ratio (SMR) of 200 is equal to an attributable risk of 100% of expected, sufficient to justify presumption in mo...